Competition in the Hearing Aid Market

Competition in the Hearing Aid MarketManagerial EconomicsThe number of Ameri tushs who welcome comprehend difficulties is overly many a(prenominal) and is n iffervescent expected to rise as time goes on. This is a ch tout ensembleenge that most people undergoing the same trial by ordeal argon expected to face under all the circumstances that charge may be usable if non tote uply to cure tryout loss. Hearing aid is a device that can lessen the shipment of auditory impairment but it can alone do so a great deal. There be still consequences that the engagement of such can be rather viewed as a supplement only and non a corrective tool. This view alone stands genuinely as a wanting(predicate) selling point, as people who already hold up the difficulty go away non always depend on these aids and most believably diverge themselves from buying the plus. Hence, this situation definitely hurts the sale capacity of the earreach aid diligence. great(p) the PriceNat urally, as the accept may not be as numerateably successful, the bells of hearing aids remain soundless as against its normally opined high pricing. The idea of sa trolline the price is a positive idea but not totally a odd one. To take for consideration, tradeing plays a pivotal role. Product innovation is still under watch as the ingathering continues to address misconceptions about its use and its price. It can be assumed that people who strike such may find to be considered based on their actual individual need. Lowering the price is not only and always the best solution at whatever product is macrocosm marketed. Apart from the actual study conducted, it essential be analyzed thither upon that actual users must be for the outgrowth time educated of the many facets of its use and the impact that it may have if elect as a summative solution to their auditory problems. It has already been mentioned that the implication of social stigma is above the issue of purchase and poor market answer. In as much as going finished the everyday and most c beful market analysis, the rigids should maintain a higher prototype of psycho-social inquiry to come up with a market campaign that is dedicate to curing the disease of social stigma for those who use the product if not to give false hopes of entirely curing the malady of their situation.There are market theories available to stand up as resolution originally the poor market reception of hearing aids among its physical object users. However, in that respect should be a critical analysis amidst price indices and the actual consideration of buyers behavior apart from all the equations and variables given as a cardinal rule. The sensibility to the issues whether they are psychological, social, or efficient must be placed under a more than cardinal handling of the situation. Firms must take a firm hand on the derivation of serious market analysis before any insinuations that price vari world power is a stand alone solution to the predicament they are experiencing at the time being.ConclusionA regular consumer still considers product innovations such as unique features and warranted efficiency and necessity. Therefore, elasticity in the demand is considerable in forcefulness that demand answers upon these mentioned diligence quantifiable. It can be summarized that since economic time out is still in the midst of all considerations, lowering prices is definitely attractive but in foremost opinion product assurance of quality and effectiveness remains to be the most unattackable market solution in any given situation.2. Evaluate contrastive possible strategies that companies could implement to gain a sound position among their competitors in this hearing aids market. Use relevant theoretical concepts discussed in chaptersThe sedulousness of hearing aids is said to be inelastic for most specifiable factor that it does not have too many options and features. But in the advent of market competition, market shares continue to reward the much necessary product options meaning, there are indeed sensible market campaigns that need to be launched to rise above the competition. To understand this point of view, it is already introduced and implied introductory that price variability is a matter of fact the most cheerful solution to be rivalrous in any given market. On the other hand, the substantial competition begins when a firm understands thoroughly the acquire behavior of target consumers. It is to be soundless that price indices are not only the deciding factors to be considered if firms desire to be at front of the market line. There are still aspects, which include market cleavage and full market analysis, which can only be attained through accurate SWOT analysis.Market StrategiesStrategies can be indicated based on the given practices that identify with the rapport involving standard value and capacity which in turn have the maximum probability to improve its market reception and therefore increase its takings. It is also recommended that firms standard industry applications can evaluate the magnitude and outlay needed to capitalize on their income prospective, as specified by the price inelasticity of requirement in the market. season studying the basic product mix in the market of hearing aids, it is also most helpful to introduce new features and innovations in prescribe to entice users and buyers to purchase with loyalty and assurance. This idea bequeath definitely increase the growth potential and leadership in the market. Gaining a sound and golden position is no easy task as it takes a softwood of hard work and patience. In realizing this endeavor, it should be analyzed thereon the sensitivity of the target consumers of the implications and sustainability of the product upon consumption. Therefore, a creative and definitive market research is important to establish a rapport among consumers and the improvement of the product itself. As stated above, lowering the prices is just one of the solutions but it cannot withstand the full-length competition given all the variables of market and the social behavior of the target consumers.RecommendationLike any market competition, SWOT analysis is much reassuring. To depend on more focused research is actually being guided by the tried and tested steps and factors that give give care all the given situations if the market remains stiff and uncontrollable. Perhaps, one use that can be listed is the principle of managerial economics, which employs a wide word form of economic concepts, tools, and techniques in the finis-making process. These concepts are incorporated to be congruent in the following the theory of the firm, which describes how businesses shape a variety of decisions the theory of consumer behavior, which describes decision making by consumers and the theory of market structure and pricing, which describes the struct ure and characteristics of assorted market forms under which business firms operate. It can be learned that receipts maximization also naturally follows when competition gets in to the right flair of market potentiality.3. Whateconomic conditionsare relevant in managerial decision-making and how they are related with the typical types of risk faced by a firm?BriefsEconomic conditionsBasically, managerial economic is about decision-making. It is what managers decide on the matters that make the atmosphere critical for the success of firms. In this light, it is important to punctuate that economic conditions truly affect the disadvantage that most firms may play as they carry on with the principles of economics and business. Definitely in this angle bracket are issues regarding market structure, conditions of supply and demand, technology, government regulations, international dimensions, future conditions, and macroeconomic factors. On the other hand, profit maximization is adh erent to the idea that it can be liable to different resuscitates about restrictions encountered by the firm such as supply insufficiency, machinery, contractual clauses and liabilities, and justnesss and government policies. In their attempt to maximize the present value of profits, business managers must consider not only the short circuit-term and long-term implications of decisions made within the firm, but also the many facets of external limits that their firms may experience on their way to achieve its organizational goals. Scarcity issues concern essential inputs (including skilled labor), key raw materials, energy, specialize machinery and equipment, warehouse space, and other imaginations.Managers naturally experience situations that may limit their ability to sustain balance in the plant capacity, which is worsened by the deprivation of enough resources that can make a difference in innovation, blowup and market intensification. Contractual obligations also restrict managerial decisions. Labor contracts, for slip, may constrain managers flexibility in worker scheduling and work assignment. Finally, laws and regulations have to be discovered. The legal restrictions can constrain decisions regarding both production and merchandising activities. Examples of laws and regulations that limit managerial flexibility are the minimum wage, health and safe standards, fuel efficiency requirements, antipollution regulations, and fair pricing and marketing practices.When it was first argued that perfect competition is the idealized version of the market structure that provides a foundation for understanding how markets toil in a capitalist-based economy, it is also understood primarily that conditions are desired to be reached and accomplished. This is in order to consider that market structure is aggressive product mix and versatility in the market, well-developed and realised consumers and traders condition, and a veritable flow of economic rule of production and its all aspects therein. For example, it is required that the product uniqueness must not at full deny their identical nature with other lines as consumers will become oblivious of brand concerns if everything else seems to be the same from one product to another this is also true with the same price competitions. When a good number of trade participants prevail, this follows through a significant effect on the revenue as the idea that the population of buyers or sellers cannot make such a significant effect and therefore will not hurt the price control in any given condition. Finally, resources and materials have already become a staple in most competitive business as agricultural products do. This in conclusion, closes the arguments about having a perfect economic condition regardless of any situation.6. Analyze the effects of thelaw of change magnitude returnsto a modern-day business. Why this law is considered a short-term phenomenon? Use appropriate examples Br iefsThe law of fall returns is definitely a short-term success, if not totally a phenomenon. It is a matter of theories between labor and capital and how things go at hand with the aspects of demand and supply. It is real and understandable that when a variable resource (labor) is added a fixed resource (capital) will dramatically augment manufacture quantity for a short time. Understandably, at a given time expected the rate of increase will fluctuate and is expected to turn more abysmal.This is to explain that diminishing returns impinge on both the manufacture of labor and cost of production. As an example, duplication of labor and overproduction only descend to more reproachful result as mode of production goes in the direction of bare(a) value.When Malthus postulated that knowledge base becomes a variable input when population becomes erratic and unstable, hence, the integrity of Diminishing Returns explains further that when a fixed input like land and machineries, is joi nt in assembly with a changeable input, using a given technology, is expected to amplify the magnitude of the variable input, and therefore will eventually lower the efficiency of the variable contribution.One good example that can be given is the problem of overproduction in the industry of cars and other automobiles. The capitalist ideals about putting more production end product each time to arrest the higher market demands come to a lull when the economic condition deepens and starts to affect the consumer behavior. In this event, it could be storied upon that the conversion of inputs into outputs is only realized based on the technology available in use. As a result, inadequate amount of inputs will piddle only narrow number of productivity.Another example that can be stated herein is the labor-to-produce inputs as against the number of days and materials exhausted. Supposed that there are numbers of labor force working in a firm and produce a result given, additional input will just approximate a divisive response as against the total produce.Diminishing returns is exact in thought that it plays an important component in the proficient distribution of capitals. This is by significant turn the real concern of firms and that it ultimately desires to bestow more resources to the use in which they are more prolific. Although, as production outlays more resources to an exacting use, it can be observed that diminishing returns presents itself in which it becomes less productive. This is actually a disappointing effect but in reality it reveals important aspects of arresting difficulties of resourceful purvey of capitals.In the time of economic slowdown, it is important to establish the practical facts that diminishing returns are not what the macroeconomic future of any country needs as of the moment. This in fact argues strongly that excesses in times of recession and unscrupulous economic postulations are definitely unhealthy. However, given enough mark et analysis and putting more confidence to product and technological innovation, all doubts about this particular economic principle will in turn come out advantageous for the full recovery of the economic force. As strongly as it is exact with its intention, allocation of resources must be critically scrutinized in regular runs so as not to receive more losses than the expected outcomes. It is very much possible that the firms as a guiding thought and principle must not bank too much on economic principles that have no material and existent basis.

Competition and Market Analysis for Red Bull

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Look At Causal Comparative Research Psychology Essay

Look At Causal Comparative investigate psychological science EssayCausal- relative look into design git be defined as a seek that permits detectives to hire naturally occurring, causativeity and burden kindred through comparison of entropy from player crowds who exhibit the variable star quantitys of interest. Causal-comparative explore screwing also be referred to as ex post facto, Latin for after the fact (Sowell, 2001). In separate words, causal-comparative inquiry backside be canvass in retrospect since it attempts to descend reasons or haves for the animate condition surrounded by or among roots of individuals. This look for design is often found in the field of education, medicine and social sciences.According to Sullivan (2001), The belief that there is line of battle in the universe, that there argon reasons why e trulything happens, and that scientists, using the procedures of science, can discover what those reasons ar explains that researchers u sually go on to examine the reasons why the nonice copy exist and what they suggest. For this reason, the introductory element of causal-comparative approach involves starting with an solvent and pursuance for assertable rides or vice versa. The basic approach, which involves starting with effects and analyse causes, is sometimes referred to as retrospective causal-comparative research. Retrospective causal-comparative studies be much more(prenominal) common in educational research. Mean eon, the variation which starts with causes and investigates effects is called prospective causal-comparative research.The cause and effect relativeships may influence how a problem is formulated and a research design developed. It can be said that the major end of causal-comparative research is to investigate potential cause-and-effect relationships that occur naturally without manipulation of variables. In this particular research design, researchers try to find the reasons why cert ain forms of deportment occur. To formulate this research design it requires at least both(prenominal) variables videlicet main(a) and subject variable to support the objective of the research. In this approach, it can be said that some self-directed variable (IV) is the factor, or single of several factors, that produces variation in a dependent variable (DV) (Sullivan, 2001). Consider, for voice a researcher formed 3 roots of pre instillers consist of those who never watched sesame Street, those who watched it sometimes, and those who watched it frequently. The 3 groups were then(prenominal) tried by making comparison on a rendition readiness try on. Based on the menti adeptd case film, it shows that the separate variable affect the dependent variable. In this case, Sesame Street is the independent variable (IV) while the pre schoolhouseers rendition performance is the dependent variable (DV).The Characteristics of Causal-comparative ResearchAccording to Babbie (2013), there argon ternion main characteristics for causal-comparative. Firstly, to infer the humanity of a cause and effect relationship, the causal-comparative research must demonstrate an intimacy between the independent and dependent variable. Therefore, it involves two or more groups and unmatchable independent variable. In addition, it hears the cause or consequences of differences that already exists between or among groups of individuals. The groups atomic number 18 delegate to the treatments and the take aim is carried out. The individuals be not ergodicly assigned to treatment groups because they were already selected into groups before the research began.In this research, it can be said that cause and effect depends on to each one other, whereby the cause may precedes the effect or vice versa. It is authoritative to note that the independent variables in causal-comparative cannot be maked, should not be manipulated, or simply not manipulated entirely could be manipulated because the independent variable has already occurred. Thus, it is not possible to manipulate the independent variable.Causal-comparative research requires the domain to be non-spurious. In this context, non-spurious refers to a causal relationship between two variables. According to Babbie (2013), spurious relationship is a coincidental statistical correlation between two variables, shown to be ca employ by some third variable. However, in causal-comparative research, just now two variables ar requisite and not caused by the action of some third variable, therefore it is shown that causal-comparative research is non-spurious.There are two types of causes that contri neverthelesse to this research design, namely infallible and sufficient causes. Generally, the term cause is assumed to mean something that produce an effect, result, or consequence. A necessary cause represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow. For example, it is necessary for you to attend effort classes in order to get a driveway license. However, by only attending driving classes is not a sufficient cause of getting a license. This is because it is needed to pass the driving test to get the driving license.On the other hand, a sufficient cause represents a condition that, if it is present, guarantees the effect in question (Babbie, 2013). This is not to say that a sufficient cause is the only possible cause of a particular effect. Take the case of the driving test mentioned earlier not attending the test would be a sufficient cause for failing it, though students could fail it in other ways as well. Thus, a cause can be sufficient, that not necessary. design and ProcedureThe survival of the comparison groups is very important in causal-comparative procedure. Although the independent variable is not manipulated, there are construe procedures that can be exercised to improve the interpretation of results. The researcher selects two groups of pa rticipants, the experimental and image groups, but more accurately referred to as comparison groups. These two groups may differ in two ways whether one group possesses a characteristic that the other does not or each group has the characteristic, but they differ in terms of degrees and amounts. The independent variable assortediating the groups must be clearly and operationally defined, since each group represents a diametrical population. In designing this research, the random sample is selected from two already existing populations, and not from a single population.A causal-comparative design is chosen, for example, when researchers want to field the possible influences of Montessori school enrolment on khildrens mathematical ability. Researchers locate a population in which several levels of mathematical ability are cognize to exist and then select a sample of participants. The researchers collect data from all participants on measures of mathematical ability and school enrolment. Once they work collected their data, researchers decide how legion(predicate) levels of mathematical ability they wish to study. In this case, suppose the researchers want two groups. They could classify the participants scores accordingly from highest to lowest, and then locate the affectionateness score of the list. All those participants whose measures are above the middle score are designated as high mathematical ability and those to a lower place it, low mathematical ability.Next, the researchers compare caper performance scores in each group to see whether Montessori school enrolment appears to influence task performance. There are three possibilities that could emerge from the study.Montessori school children have high scores than non-Montessori school children.Montessori school children have lower scores than non-Montessori school children.No discernible pattern shows in the scores of Montessori and non-Montessori school children.This shows that each statem ent suggests a possible relationship between the two variables which are Montessori school enrolment and the childrens mathematical ability.Measurement of foster variable company BGroup AMeasurement of starting line variable determines group placements of participantsParticipant selectionGeneralized exampleMontessori school childrenParticipant selectionMeasurement of mathematical abilityMeasurement of Montessori school enrolmentNon-Montessori school childrenExample of school enrolment and mathematical abilityFIGURE 1 Procedures in causal-comparative designs.3.1 Control ProceduresIn other study design, random assigning of participants to groups is probably the best way to try to ensure equality of groups, but random assignment is not possible in causal comparative studies because the groups are naturally formed before the start of the study. There is a possibility to have extraneous variable in a causal comparative research that may affect the overall purpose of the study. Thus, mark techniques are used to compare the sample groups equally. There are three common book techniques that can be used, namely matching, comparing solid groups or subgroups and abbreviation of covariance.Matching can be defined as a technique for equating groups on one or more variables. If researchers severalise a variable likely to influence performance on the dependent variable, they may control for that variable by pair-wise matching of participants. In other words, for each participant in one group, the researcher finds a participant in the other group with the same or very like score on the control variable. If a participant in other group does not have a suitable match, the participant is eliminated from the study. Thus, the resulting match groups are identical or very similar with obligingness to the identified extraneous variable.Another way to control extraneous variable is to compare groups that are homogenous with respect to the extraneous variable. The more simila r the two groups are on much(prenominal) variables, the more homogenous they are on everything but the variable of interest. This homogeneity makes a stronger study and reduces the telephone number of possible alternative, explanations of the research findings. Not surprisingly, then, a number of control procedures align for identified in equalities on such variables. This approach also permits the researcher to determine whether the target grouping variable affects the dependent variable otherwise at different levels of control variable. That is, the researcher can examine whether the effect on the dependent variable is different for each subgroup.Analysis of covariance is a statistical technique used to adjust initial group differences on variables used in causal comparative and experimental studies. In essence, analysis of covariance adjusts scores on a dependent variable for initial differences on some other variable related to performance on the dependent variable. Analysis of covariance statistically adjusts the scores of the group to remove the initial profit so that at the end of the study, the results can be fairly compared, as if the two groups started equally.4. Data Analysis and InterpretationAnalysis of data in causal-comparative research involves a variety of descriptive and inferential statistics. The most ordinarily used descriptive statistics are mean and standard parenthesis. Mean indicates the clean performance of a group on some measure of a variable. Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a post of data from its mean. The more spread apart the data, the high the deviation. Standard deviation is calculated as the agora root of variance.The most commonly used inferential statistics are t tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi square. T tests are used to determine whether the means of two groups are statistically different from one some other. ANOVA is used to determine if there is epoch-making difference among the means of three or more groups. Babbie (2013) defined chi square as a frequently used test of deduction in social science. In other words chi square tests are used to determine whether there is an association between two or more categories. Chi square test explains that observed frequencies of the items or events in categories are compared with expected frequencies.Similarities and Differences between Related Research DesignsCausal-comparative versus correlational ResearchIt is better to know that the major purpose of correlational research is to determine the magnitude and direction of associations or relationships among variables. Even with different purpose, correlational research is sometimes confused with causal-comparative since both lack manipulation of variables and requires anxiety in interpreting results. In addition, both researches seek to explore relationships among variables, and when relationships are identified, both research designs are often studied at a lat er time by means of experimental research.However, causal-comparative and correlational research still can be differentiated. Compared to correlational research, causal-comparative compare two or more groups of subjects, whereas correlational research only focus on one group. In addition, correlational research has no attempts to understand cause and effect whereas causal-comparative studies purpose is to identify the cause and effect relationships between the variables. Apart from that, correlational research involves two or more variables and one group while causal-comparative involves two or more groups and one independent variable.Causal-comparative versus Experimental DesignCausal-comparative can also be confused with experimental research both attempt to establish cause-effect relationships between variables and both involve group comparisons. In addition, both causal-comparative and experimental research can test hypotheses concerning the relationship between an independent v ariable and a dependent variable.The difference between the two researches is that in causal-comparative, the individuals are already in groups before study begins, whereas in experimental design, individuals are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Moreover, the random sample studies for causal-comparative is selected from two already-existing populations, while in experimental research, the random sample is selected from only one population. The researcher in experimental research manipulates the independent variable that is, the researcher determines who is passing game to get what treatment. In contrast, in causal-comparative research, individuals are not randomly assigned to treatment groups because they are in set up groups before the research begins. The example for the established group can be male or female, college graduates or non-graduates. In causal-comparative research the groups are already formed and already differ in terms of the recognize variable i n question. In other words, the independent variable in experimental research can be manipulated by the researcher to determine the researchs effect, whereas the independent variable in causal-comparative cannot be manipulated since the independent variable has already occurred.Advantages of Causal-Comparative ResearchLike other research designs, causal-comparative research has its strength and weaknesses. oneness of the strengths is that the causes are being studied after they presumably have utilize their effect on another variable. The researchers mogul administer a questionnaire to study the causes or they can also do interviews and observation to find the cause or effect related to their research. For example, a researcher may expect that participant in preschool education is the major factor contributing to differences in the social adjustment of first graders. To examine this hypothesis, the researcher would select a sample of first graders who had participated in pre-sch ool education and a sample of first graders who had not and would then compare the social adjustment of the two groups. If the children who participated in pre-school education exhibited the higher level of social adjustment, the researchers hypothesis would be supported. Thus, the basic causal-comparative approach involve starting with an effect (i.e., social adjustment) and seeking possible causes (i.e., did pre-school affect it).Another advantage of causal-comparative research method is that it allows us to study cause-and-effect relationships under conditions where experimental manipulation is difficult or impossible. Unlike experimental research, the variable in causal comparative research is not manipulated because it has already occurred. For example, a researcher might be interested in find the effect of poor parenting on the issue of juvenile delinquency. Clearly it would not be ethical to approach the parents and ask about how they raise their children because it is simi larly personal to discuss family issues to an outsider. Thus, causal comparative research permits investigation on a number of variables that cannot be studied experimentally.In addition, causal-comparative studies help to identify variables worthy of experimental investigation. In fact, causal comparative studies are conducted completely to identify the probable outcome of an experimental study. In other words, many relationships can be studied in a single research study. Suppose for example, a researcher were considering implementing computer assisted spoken communication encyclopaedism in the school system. Before implementing the mentioned program, the researcher might consider seek it out on an experimental basis for a year in a number of schools or classrooms. However, even such limited acceptation would require costly new equipment and teacher training. Thus, as a precedent measure, to inform the decision, the researcher could conduct a causal comparative study to compa re the English language achievement of students in school who are currently using the instruction with the English language achievement who are not using it. If the results indicated that the students nurture through computer assisted language learning instruction were achieving higher scores, the researcher would probably decide to go ahead with an experimental tryout of computer assisted language learning instruction. If no differences were found, the researcher would probably not go ahead with the experimental tryout to save time, cost and effort.Disadvantages of Causal-Comparative ResearchDespite its many advantages, causal comparative research has some serious limitations to be caution of. In causal comparative research, the researcher has limited control over the study and extreme caution must be applied in interpreting results. This is because the groups are already formed at the beginning of the study. An apparent cause-effect relation may not be as it appears. The alleged cause of an observed effect may in fact be the effect itself, or, a third variable may have caused both the apparent cause and the effect. In other words, an observed relationship between variable A and B can mean that A causes B, B causes B, or a third variable C causes both A and B.AcausesCcausesBABcausesBBcausesFigure 2 Relationships of variablesFor example, suppose a researcher hypothesized that enrolment to preschool is a determinant of reading achievement. The researcher would compare the achievement of two groups, one comprising individuals with children who went to preschool and children who did not go to preschool. If those who went to preschool performed better on reading measures, the researcher could be tempted to conclude that going to preschool influences reading achievement. However, this conclusion would be groundless. Because the participants arrived at the beginning of the study with an established group of children who went to preschool and children who did not, a nd an established level of reading achievement, it is not possible to determine which came first and which influence the other. Moreover, it is very plausible that some third variable, such as parental attitude, is the main influence on both reading achievement and pre-schooling. For example, parents who sent their children to preschool and encourage their children may have children who have higher reading achievement.Analysis of Studies Using Causal-comparative Research DesignOne of the major findings within the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research is the different rates of success with which children and adults achieve nativelike proficiency in a second language (L2).() It is also common in SLA studies that mostly L2 learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of their first language maintenance. In a research report entitled Does first language maintenance hamper nativelikeness in a second language? by Bylund, Abrahamsson and Hyltensam of Stockholm Univer sity, they aim to cut through the role of L1 proficiency in L2 attainment. In this study, the researchers hypothesized that the second language learners do not attain nativelike proficiency because of their first language maintenance. It is recognized that the independent variable in this research is the first language maintenance, whereas, the dependent variable is the nativelikeness in a second language. It shows that there is clearly an association between the two variables since the independent variable (IV), which is the first language maintenance might probably affect the dependent variable, which is the second language.To examine the hypothesis, the researchers select a sample population consists of Spanish-speaking immigrant community in Sweden, where residents of Chilean reference are in the community. 30 L1 Spanish-and L2 Swedish residents participated in the study where they teach their second language before the age of twelve. The bilinguals came from countries throug hout Latin the States with a specific concentration in Chile. The participants were either university students or degree-holder. A common denominator of the participants was that they exhibited a generally high level of L2 proficiency. For the second group, cardinal native speakers of Spanish and fifteen native speakers of Swedish were recruited as monolingual controls. The researchers choose small sample populations to represent the study populations. The control groups were matched to the bilingual participants by educational level. In the process of matching the variables and groups, it can be said that pure monolingualism was not a criterion for participation, and the majority of the participants had exotic language skills such as English language. In addition, none of the control participants had lived abroad for any significant length of time in a setting in which their foreign language skills could be practiced. These two groups pass on be referred to as Spanish-speaking c ontrol and Swedish-speaking controls participants.Bilingual participants were tested severally in each language on two different occasions. The bilinguals and the Swedish-speaking controls were tested in the same setting and instructors and the Spanish-speaking controls were tested in another setting with another instructor. The language proficiency of the participants were investigated by piloting a grammaticality judgment test (GJT) to find out about the samples grammatical intuition. Furthermore, in order to measure the participants semantic and grammatical inferencing skills, a cloze test was piloted to all participants.

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Similarities

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture SimilaritiesRomanesque computer computer architecture among 800 and 1150AD was popular in Western Europe which then ruddinessbush to the Gothic style. Pre-Romanesque style developed by victimization elements of roman invent in the Christian churches in the states of Western Europe. By the end of the pre-Romanesque effect Roman elements had f recitationd with Byzantium elements from the Middle East, these invites became cognize as the Romanesque, meaning in the manner of Rome.The expression of the Romanesque style was multi storey entrance facades of geometric port constructs. St aneness was a actually popular clobber used in the buildings. Huge pretermits and arches was one of the primary(prenominal) characteristics of the time. Masonry omiting since the beginning of Christian architecture had only been used in buildings of relatively small scale. Romanesque churches, on the separate hand, sustained massive barrel vaults, making it compulsory to reinforce the supporting(prenominal) walls in order to carry the lat whilel outward thrust. The frequent social movement of galleries above the aisles, sometimes with half-barrel vaults, is in all probability rooted in structural considerations connected with the problem of a entirelyment. The use of wall openings to a minimum, due to the same concern, contributed to the sober yet soberly impressive character of the light. each(prenominal) individual building has a clearly definite form which ofttimes consists of genuinely regular and radially symmetrical plans so the overall appearance is known as a form of simplicity. Romanesque architecture mainly depends on its walls which atomic number 18 known as piers. Piers are sections of the wall that appear loosely at the intersection of two gargantuan arches, which are those crossing under the nave and the transept which is constantly in a circular shape, each arch is supported on its own supporting rectangul ar pier which is found at each right angle. Most of the buildings are headspring-nighly made from wooden roofs, mostly of a simple truss, tie beam or king erect form. When the case of trussed rafter roofs occurs they will then be run along with wooden ceilings. The most important feature of Romanesque churches was the towers. Romanesque church facades were always create to face the west end of the building and are usually symmetrical and has a thumping central doorway made mostly by its moldings or porch and a arrangement of arched-topped windows which can be seen above the doorway. In Italy there is a single central ocular window which is most probably known as the most common decorative feature, as well as the arcading.One of the most important structural developments of the Romanesque era was the vault. Originally intended as an alternative to fire prone wooden roofs, vaults became a major innovation in architectural features. The cross vault was used throughout Europe eve n though it was heavier-than-air and uncontrollable to construct so thus it was replaced with the rib and panel vault.The Church I chose the SantAmbrogio was originally built during the 4th Century but was excavated beneath the alive building. With the west lining faade, the use of vaulting is clearly seen throughout the church, pass either side of the isle and leading to the nave. Although stone is not the main material used it can be seen in certain aspects of the church. The large central portal includes carvings. Gothic architecture, known at the time as the French style, started in the for the first time half of the 12th century and keep well into the 16th century. Gothic architecture was made up from the previous(prenominal) architectural genre, Romanesque. For the most important part, there was no difference between the two, as there was later to be in Renaissance Florence with the sudden restoration of the Classical style by Brunelleschiwhich came from the early 15th century. Eventually Gothic architecture was brought south to Italy by the French.The characteristics of Gothic Style features include those of the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress traceried windows. The thin walls, delicate columns, and the very large areas of glass in Gothic buildings gave an impression of lightness. It consisted of a central nave flanked by aisles, with or without transept, and was finished by a choir surrounded by an ambulatory with chapels. The ribs which held up the vaults were aligned to make a pattern of a diamond on the ceilings. These elements were however no longer treated as single units but were properly integrated at bottom a join spatial scheme. The exterior view was mostly dominated by the similitude towers. The facade was pierced by doorways often decorated with varies sculptures and at a higher level appeared a central stained glass rose window. Due to the outward pressure of the vaults there became a need for buttresses. W indows were very important in the churches. Each stained glass had a pith in it which was taken from a bible piece to pass across a message. Gothic architecture is unique in many variant ways but mostly by its use of materials. Regional influences compete a huge role in the design variations and preferences for the different building materials. While in France the most common materials used were limestone, England witnessed a peachy use of red sandstone and coarse limestone with marble which was known as Purbeck architectural features. Similarly, while in Northern Germany and the Baltic nations, the tradition was that of mainly using bricks, in Italy, the most preferred material was marble. Timber was also one of the materials used, which is seen in the hammer-beam ceilings and rafters.Some of the structural innovations included, the use of a reinforcing block or wall of masonry adding support to the great vaults arches. Moulded or otherwise decorated mountain or series of ba nds around an opening of an arch. Supportive arch constructed within a wall, often above an architrave, serving to absorb weight upon a passageway or portal below.Notre dame in Paris is one of the finest examples of churches in the gothic period. Its sculptures and stained glass show the heavy influence of naturalism. It was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave. afterward the construction began and the thinner walls grew ever higher, stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedrals architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued as such. likewise the front having two towers popular of gothic style as well as the popular central stained glass rose window.Romanesque and Gothic Architecture is very similar in many forms, even though they are very similar in many aspects they also gi ve up their own characteristics. Gothic Architecture did get most of its forms from the Romanesque area, things like vaults and arches although they were evolved to be used in gothic buildings.Similarities between gothic and Romanesque includes the use of the arch, which was first seen in the Romanesque churches throughout Europe and then later in gothic buildings, but had been adjusted to a more pointed arch compared to the rounded Romanesque form. other form found both in Romanesque and gothic architecture is the towers although very irregular in Romanesque they were a form of asymmetrical balance in Gothic architecture. Also the use of stone as a material was also started during the Romanesque period and continued into the gothic time such as timber used for the roof trusses. Another feature would be the use of columns, used in both types of architecture they were changed from the Romanesque to gothic. The multi story Facades were used in both Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Vaulting used during these periods were started with the rib and panel vault in the gothic period but then perfected during the gothic period with the split vault. The rose or wheel windows started making an appearance in during Romanesque time but the final central rose window was perfected above the main entrance door usually facing to the west (started during Romanesque) during the gothic period.Each of these eras had their own structural innovations that changed the way architects and builders designed and built the buildings and most can even be seen in architecture today. One of the most important being the vault created during the Romanesque time but altered and perfected during the gothic period. The gothic period brought the use of Masonry in walls to create support in the vaults and arches.Romanesque was designed to be more for protecting(prenominal) purposes than for any aesthetic quality, as gothic cathedrals. Monasteries housed the relics of saints, and during the Rom anesque period the cult of relics became a major cultural factor influencing architecture. Gothic style has three main characteristics that make it its own unique style highness, vertical lines and flying buttresses. Romanesque buildings were solid, heavy because of the thick walls, and, as a result of the comparatively small windows, murkily lighted. They had a heavy frame structure. Gothic cathedrals were built with a slender skeleton, made up with pointed arches and flying buttresses, which gives impressions of harmony and luminosity.

Albert Camus The Stranger Essay -- Stranger

Albert Camus The StrangerWhat if the late(prenominal) has no meaning and the and point in time of our life that really matters is that point which is misfortune at present. To make matters worse, when life is over, the existence is also over the expect of somewhat sort of salvation from a God is pointless. Albert Camus illustrates this exact draw in The Stranger. Camus feels that one exists only in the world physically and consequently the presence or absence of meaning in ones life is only if revealed through that event which he or she is experiencing at a fact moment. These thoughts are presented through Meursault, a man devoid of concern for loving conventions found in the world in which he lives, and who finds his life disadvantaged of physical pleasure--which he deems quite important--when unexpectedly put in prison.The rise line of the novel sets the vestige for Meursaults dispassion towards most things. The novel is introduced with the wrangling Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know (3). Although the uncertainty originates with an ambiguous telegram, it seems that the tone alone could justify changing the meaning of the words I dont know to I dont care. In a sense, in the days following, he only goes through the motions of the vigil and accordingly the funeral the only emotion he expresses is joy when his bus takes him home and he is able to sleep. At one point, he looks back at the events of the past few days, realizes that he has to go to work, and notes that, really, nothing had changed (24). Despite these reactions, there is evidence that Meursault did indeed love his mother, observed both in his defensive careen at the old peoples home as to why she was put there in the first place and in his recollections... ...has no comprehension of the objects in its existence--as he is unconcerned with the objects in his own life and finds meaning only at heart himself.Meursault does not care for objects in his world. He does not see the grandness of certain words whose definitions attempt to explain human relationships either amongst themselves or their emotions in general. He does not follow conventional social beliefs nor does he conceptualize in God, nor salvation. Meursault however loves his life. It is a pure love derived from enjoying his existence on a day-to-day basis, rarely looking back and never looking forward. His love is not dependent on doing what society or some religion has deemed correct, but on what he feels he wants to do condescension what most would consider common.Work CitedCamus, Albert. The Stranger. Trans. Matthew Ward. New York Vintage International, 1989.

Abortion :: essays research papers fc

AbortionWhen one thinks about a subject area that would ready several different opinions, many affaires can come to mind. One thing that came to my mind was stillbirth because it is one of the most contr all oversial issues in the unite States, possibly the world. I reviewed several articles from several different sources and came to see that everyone sees the topic of abortion is a different way. Some see it simply as an election issue, and some see it as murder and think it should be banned. The articles I reviewed came from BBCnews.com, The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Public Agenda.com.Tony Blair is one man that looks at abortion and wonders why it is an election issue. Tony Blair quoted, Abortion is a very key fruit issue. The policy supported by Mr. Howard is one that we would commend, on the way to a full abandonment of abortion. This quote shows that Mr. Blair is one of the people who call back that abortion should be banned as well. The Catholic churc h supports him in this argument. still what about the thirteen year old girl who was raped. Should she be allowed to induce an abortion when she becomes pregnant? She lead not have this option if it is banned. check to the public agenda, more than three quarters of the American people recall that a woman should be allowed to have an abortion if having the child will affect the mothers health, if a woman is raped, or commits incest. This drops to thirty four percent when a woman wants to have an abortion because of economic issues, such as thinking they cannot afford to have a baby.The majority of the people believe that the government should not involved with the topic of abortion. I strongly jibe with this. The one thing that really makes me angry is to see the American soldiers over in Iraq dieing to get rights for the people of Iraq, but yet the government is toilsome to take away our rights in America. A woman should be able-bodied to do what she wants with her body.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

When vista of point rain, some people may think of green, burning stinging falling from the sky, destroying everything in sight. This may be a bit soused and hard to believe, but as absurd as it sound, it is not farthermost-off from the truth. Acid testimony has long been a subject of debate because of the widespread environ-mental damage it is responsible for. As one of the major results of air pollution, astringent rain can corrode metal and limestone structures, leach important minerals, decrease fertility of soils, and lower pH in lakes and ponds. For those who fear "the end of the world," window glass rain may pose a threat as it creates a bad environment for both animal and human. And for those who c ar about our planet, peradventure it is about time we stop destroying it and give something back to Mother Earth. there argon numerous causes of astringent precipitation, several of these are insignificant and bundle into severe cases. However, there are also some sources that are imperil by itself, sources such as industrial emissions. In some cases, acid rain is caused when industrial fumes mix with moisture in the atmosphere. Acids are then carried in clouds for long distances before they are deposited through rain, which indicates that forests and lakes far away from factories may be damaged by acid rain. another(prenominal) significant cause of acid rain is automobile exhaust. Research has shown that although industrial emission makes up for most causes, siemens dioxide from oil and coal blazeand nitrogen oxides produced from automobile engines have greatly intensified the problem. Electric forcefulness plants are also to blame for this issue. Recent study has shown that power plants are accountable for the release of more than 20 million tons of sulfur Per. 3 dioxide each year. Meaning that 10 years from now, there would be around 30 million tons of acid rain components in our atmosphere. Whats even worst than acid rain and it s causes are the results. Acid deposition can cause a number of disasters, some of the serious effectuate includes structure eradication. The marble frieze panels on the Parthenon of Athens for example, has been transformed by acid rain into gypsum. Loosing much of its details, the exterior of the Parthenon is also beginning to crack and chipping off. The effects of acid rain can also be seen in lakes, rivers, and streams and plant growth.

John Rawls and Political Liberalism Essay -- Essays on Politics

John Rawls and Political Liberalism Describe in percentage point the role that the ideas of overlap consensus and comprehensive doctrine fun in Rawls theoretical answer to the fundamental question of Political Liberalism How is it mathematical for in that respect to exist over time a just and shelter guild of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by sightly religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines? (Rawls 4). More specifically, how do these concepts help to preserve the traditional blanket(a) set of freedom and equality? And do these concepts help to preserve stableness within a pluralistic society? John Rawls book, Political Liberalism, addresses the drive for the reformation of the unjust democratic primitive regime. According to Rawls, there is at present no agreement on the way the basic institutions of constitutional democracy should be arranged if they are to satisfy the fair term of cooperation between citizens regard ed as free and equal, (Rawls 4). In the real world, individuals all hail their own semipolitical values or comprehensive doctrines that are non in equilibrium with other values. These principles, not being compatible, cause problems in a weak democratic society. Thus, Rawls hopes to create a model for disagreements that could hook within liberalism, in which they could have stronger sense of common ground, or stronger overlapping consensus, which people can make reference. Therefore, Rawls calls for the use of certain theoretical adroit tools. The first order intellectual tool to guide this reform is the principles of justice. buckram principles of justices will lead to a large overlapping consensus and better political values, thus resulting ... ...because that which exists in the original position is fair. Moreover, there is a booming reform, in that a principle of justice (which is a tool of obstetrical delivery about reform in an unjust democratic constitutional regime) survived the essay of the original position. Thus, the ideas of overlapping consensus and comprehensive doctrines do in fact play a significant role in his theoretical question How is it possible for there to exist over time a just and stable society of free and equal citizens, who remain profoundly divided by reasonable religious, philosophical, and moral doctrines? (Rawls 4). Moreover, these concepts help to preserve the traditional liberal values of freedom and equality help to preserve stability within a pluralistic society.Works CitedRawls, John. Political Liberalism. New York Columbia University Press, 1996.

Analysis of the Jurors in 12 Angry Men :: Twelve Angry Men, Reginald Rose

Guilty or not guilty? This the key apparent movement during the murder trial of a young man accused of fatally stabbing his father. The play 12 Angry Men, by Reginald Rose, introduces to the audience cardinal members of a jury made up of contrasting men from various backgrounds. One of the most critical elements of the play is how the personalities and experiences of these men influence their initial majority balloting of guilty. Three of the most influential members include juryman 3, juror 10, and juror 11. Their past experiences and personal solidus determine their thoughts and opinions on the case. Therefore, how a person feels inside is reflected in his/her thoughts, opinions, and behavior.Juror 3 is precise biased against the 19-year-old boy that is creation tried, and this affects all of his thoughts and actions regarding the case. He has this bias because his admit son hit him in the jaw and ran away from home at the age of 15 Ive got a kidwhen he was 15 he hit me in the faceI havent seen him in three years. Rotten kid I hate toughie kids You work your heart out but its no use (21).According to this commendation from the text, this juror condemns all teenagers and feels resentment towards them. He especially feels strongly active the boy being tried, because the boy grew up in the slums, and this juror is in any case biased against these people who grew up there. It is because of these feelings that he is strongly cemented in his vote of guilty.Juror 10, a garage owner, segregates and divides the world stereotypically into us and them. Us being people living around the rich or middle-class areas, and them being people of a different race, or possessing a contrasting climb color, born and raised in the slums (poorer parts of town). It is because of this that he has a bias against the young man on trial, for the young man was born in the slums and was victim to domestic violence since the age of 5. Also, the boy is of a Latino descent and is of a different race than this juror, making him fall at a lower place the jurors discriminatory description of a criminal. This is proven on when juror 10 rants They dont need any corporeal big reason to kill someone, either. You know, they get drunk, and bang, someones untruth in the gutter most of them, its like they have no feelings (59).

Essay --

In orbiculateization, there argon nearly certain nisuss of activism to accept certain issues. Whether its using a form of activism to accomplish something as small as receiving someones stolen cellular telephone phone, protesting and standing up for African American freedom rights or taking down an authoritarian regime, it all takes some sort of activism to promote, establish, and accomplish change. al around forms of activism are far more(prenominal) affective than others. In terms of semipolitical and fond change, strong-tied high-risk activism is far more affective than weak-tied social-media activism (Gladwell, 2010).To be potent in accomplishing political and social change, people need to have some sort of personal interconnectedness to a movement (Gladwell, 2010, p. 44). In the example reading of Gladwells story, personal connections and relations gave courage to four African American students to demand and raise awareness for freedom and equality rights and to s tarting signal the Freedom Summer Sit-In movement with success (Gladwell, 2010, p. 45). To properly tackle political and social change, you also need some sort of makeup and strong hierarchal power to stand behind your movement. A well-behaved example of this in Gladwells story is when he uses Al Qaeda as an example. According to Gladwell (2010), Al Qaeda was most dangerous when it was a coordinated hierarchy. Now that it has dissipated into a network, it has proved far less effective (p. 48). Having a hierarchal power behind your movement also puts a face on a movement and reminds you what you are standing up for.Social media activism lacks the basic components of what is needed to make real political and social movements such as individuals not being nowadays involved or affected. Social networks are effect... ... freedom and openness and inequalities compared globally to the rest of the world. They are now pushing for change, equality, freedom, and striving for the same priv ileges and rights that most successful developed and developing countries have already established. Some forms of activism are better than others at tackling certain issues. High-risk activism opposed to social-media activism, is far more effective and well suited in successfully accomplishing high-scale and high-risk global equality issues. Demanding race equality, taking down and building authoritarian regimes, demanding for ingrained revisions, and raising awareness have greater chances of success if approached in a high-risk activism approach. Social-media is more of an awareness approach, but once awareness is raised, thence it takes a higher and riskier activism to see the whole thing through.

anthropology Essay -- essays research papers

Anthropology proves to be satisfying andintellectually fulfilling to many another(prenominal) in the field.However, there are also many challenges and bumps inthe driveway along the way. Napolean A. Chagnon andClaire Sterk faced many of these challengesthemselves.During his fieldwork with the Yanomamo, Chagnon facedmany challenges interacting with the natives. Chagnoncould not practically communicate with the peopleuntil about six months after he arrived. He notes ?the hardest thing to live with was the incessant,passioned, and often aggressive demands they wouldmake.? An example of this is the natives threateningwith a shout such as ?If you don?t take me with youon your next boat trip to Widokalyateri, I?ll chop a peck in your canoe? While trying to collectgenealogies, Chagnon found it very frustrating andcommented ? I could not have deliberately picked ato a greater extent difficult people to work with in this regard.?This was because he first act to use the names theycalled each(prenominal) other, not knowing that the names theycalled each other were completely ambiguous and didn?tmean anything. He consequently later found out , aftercollecting all the genealogical information, that onlythe living members were accurate and the deceasedlisted were mostly fake. He had to get rolling all over. (Chagnon 5)Sterk did a different token of study on prostitutionand how it went on during a time when AIDS was a majorproblem. This type of fieldwork is ethnographicfieldwork. Sterk had to get established in roughneig...

New Grub Street as a Microcosm of English Victorian Life Essay

stark naked Grub thoroughfare presents the reader with an accurate and comprehensive control of late straightlaced society, despite the fact that it predominantly focuses only on a small group of literary men and women. At first, genius may have difficulty locating Gissings voice within the narrative. The emplacement leaps from character to character, without establishing any clear candidates for the readers sympathies. Jasper Milvain is ambivalently portrayed, despite the fact that his moral and literary values were anathematic to Gissing. This is but one example of ambiguity in a novel that is filled with confusion and inversions of the natural order. The world of New Grub Street is one where the unscrupulous Jasper Milvain triumphs, the mediocre Whelpdale stumbles upon commercial success, while others such as Edwin Reardon, Alfred Yule, and Harold Biffen undisputedly become casualties in the battle of life. What is Gissing trying to say round Victorian England? (Or is lit erary life his sole intended subject?) end-to-end this chaos of view-points are interwoven the themes of money, class, and sex. Yet it is precisely the ubiquity of these themes, and the public disorder of the world that makes the novel reflective of late Victorian society. Whether or not Gissing intended his novel to be purely a piece of work in the changing literary life of the late nineteenth century, New Grub Street is effectively a microcosm of English life in the closing years of Victorias reign. New Grub Street depicts some of the consequences of the morphological and compositional changes that were - and had been - taking place in the social and class structures of Victorian England. The increasing size of the middle class1, the reductions in working hours2, an... ... Unwin, London, 1968, p. 154. 5 Gross, John, The nobble and Fall of the Man of Letters English Literary Life Since 1800, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1973, p. 220. 6 Altick, p. 61. 7 Gissing, George, New Grub Street, Wordsworth, Hertfordshire, 1996, ch. XXXIV, p. 393. 8 Gross, p. 220. 9 Gissing, ch., XIV, p. 146. 10 Cited in Gross, pp. 220-1. 11 Ibid., p. 221. 12 Gissing, ch. XIV, p. 146. 13 Gross, p. 149. 14 Gissing, ch. XXXV, p. 402. 15 Ibid., p. 400. 16 Ibid., ch. XXXVII, p. 422. 17 Ibid., Introduction. 18 Ibid., ch. VII, p. 74. 19 Ibid., ch. XXXV, p. 401. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid., ch. XIV, p. 151. 22 Ibid., ch. XXVII, p. 301. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid., ch. XXXV, p. 403. 25 Fowles, John, The French Lieutenants Woman, Vintage, London, 1996, p. 445. 26 Ibid., p. 283. 27 Altick, p. 17.

Robert Frosts Desert Places Essay -- Poem Poet Poems Desert Places Fr

Robert Frosts Desert PlacesOne of the most monumental poetic works of T.S Eliot is The Waste Land. The poem emerges as a gigantic metaphor for melancholy, loneliness, solitude- the unavoidable companions of human existence. Similar kinds of feelings be evoked by Robert Frost in Desert Places. The very cognomen is suggestive of a mood of emptiness. Throughout our life we cross confused deserts to find our destiny. The beauty of the poem lies in the conjunction the concussion point desert outside in the nature with the desert inside. This becomes the central point of the poem. The dreary opening is indicated by the falling snow and the forward-moving night. The poet observes the scenario as the snow blankets the earth and the darkness descends on the whole scene. 2 factors which play an important role in the dawning of the mood ar snow and night.The falling snow soon covers the irregular jagged rebel of the earth and this visual scene is gradually overwhelming the senses and sensitivity as the mind is going in a state of numbness. In such a state of numbness one becomes concerned and confined with ones take self. The poet is trying to find refuge in the lap of nature hardly the cold whiffs of night seals out his approach. The falling snow has further alter the chances of his meeting with nature.I shows the approach towards nature slowing down and caving in ones own self. The poet traces his steps back to his memories for some transport in this snowy landscape....

Bob Marley :: Music Musician Biography Essays

bobtail MarleyBob Marley was a promoter of peace and believed in the union of all people. He used his music as a channel to get his opinions and thoughts out into the world. Me only have one ambition, yknow. I really have only one thing I really like to see happen. I like to see mankind live together-black, white, Chinese, eachone-thats all. Robert Nesta Marley was born February 6th, 1945 in the small ghetto of Nine Miles, in the parish of St. Anne, Jamaica. His father was a white British Naval officer named Narval Marley, and his mystify was a young, poor Jamaican girl named Cedalla Brooker. The well-to-do Marley family did non applaud of Narval and Cedallas relationship(Clark). Despite marrying Cedalla, Narval was more of an occasional visitor rather than a father figure to Bob(Clark). He did not survive to see his watchwords success. After a few years, Bob and his mother go to Trenchtown (western Kingston), which was built around the former Kingston refuse dump(Salewicz). People would fleet their days scavenging for whatever they could find here(Salewicz). The shanty-town people who lived here considered it desirable accommodations and were not ashamed of their home at all(Salewicz). Trenchtown was also considered a spiritual index point for the Rastafarians, which is a major form of religion in Jamaica(Salewicz). It is verbalise that those who have nothing, and therefore nothing to lose, are not afraid to expressage their talents(Salewicz). This was true for many people who lived in these areas, including Bob.Living in Kingston, Bob cut his first record at the age of 16, with a telephone call called Judge Not(Clark). This album was a complete flop. In his teenaged years, he had many influences, including Fats Domino, Ray Charles, and Joe Higgs(Peake). He also loved Jamaican, Ska, and inclination Steady music(Peake). The biggest influence that anyone had ever had on Bob was Joe Higgs(Salewicz). Joe was the areas most far-famed singer and music ally prominent Rasta, or person who followed the Rastafarian religion(Salewicz). He was Bobs first mentor and introduced him to Peter Tosh, and Bunny Livingston, who would be his future band mates(Salewicz). Bob, Peter, and Bunny all took part in change surface music sessions in Joes Third Street Yard every night. When he was just 18, Bob, Bunny, and Peter formed the Wailin Wailers, and their first song simmer Down was an instant number one in Jamaica(Pagewise). From here, their success grew.

Wheel chair tennis :: essays research papers

lawn lawn tennisPopulations1. Wheel chair tennis2. Hearing impaired3. Learning disabilitiesWheelchair tennis wont come easy to a new arriver but with practice you can only get better. I would stride wheelchair tennis not a 1 or 2 (easy) because its challenging to do two things at once. Positioning yourself in a wheelchair to earn a tennis testis before it bounces twice can be difficult. I would rate this activity a 3 due to having tennis skill and wheelchair handling capability. Wheelchair tennis is for every level but to pee-pee the basics of moving around the court and learn how to hit unlike types of shots with a tennis racquet can be challenging. Wheelchair tennis started in 1976, when Brad Parks introduced the potential of this new sport. Since 1976, wheelchair tennis has been the fastest ontogeny and one of the most challenging and exciting of all wheelchair sports. It has provided opportunities for many alter people to enjoy competitive tennis, as well as share exp eriences with both able-bodied and disabled friends of all age groups. A modest over a decade later since it was first introduced, with its fast branch and popularity, the IWTF (international wheelchair tennis federation) formed in 1988. The new sport grew throughout the acres and even overseas. As fast as the sport grew one of the study problems was lack of equipment. Over the year, many players have donated their old wheelchairs to new and create countries to help them start a wheelchair program. Wheelchair tennis has the same rules as a regular tennis game, except the only rule difference is the ball can bounce 2 times instead of once.The Mission narrative for Wheelchair tennisThe ITF is the international governing body for tennis, including wheelchair tennis. It aims to provide, promote and develop opportunities for men, women and children withdisabilities to enter in recreational and competitive wheelchair tennis at all levels from learned person to the professional pla yer. As the governing body of tennis, the ITF provides a leading region in the administration of wheelchair tennis. The ITF aims to ensure that a fair and equal prospect is provided for all those entitled to play under its eligibility rules and that the Rules of Wheelchair Tennis are apply according to the standards expected of an international body. The ITF aims to work together with National Tennis Federations, National Disabled Sports Organizations and National Wheelchair Tennis Organizations to provide opportunities for all come to in wheelchair tennis and to encourage integration with able-bodied tennis whenever possible.