Greek Life in American Campuses Essay

Why is it that the statement, no man is an island, is so astoundingly true given even the benefit of the doubt? Why is it that men and women alike have this profound need to be in a company of people? Theoretically, it all boils down to human nature. But somehow, it seems that we all want to have people around us. The statements that Greek Life in American colleges and universities merely consists of drinking sessions and parties and a factor that pulls down the grades of students are nothing but an unfounded assertion.   And although there are countless preconceived misconceptions about the Greek Life in American colleges and universities, the unprecedented reality is that fraternities and sororities have been fostering the growth and development of each of their members not just as a student but more importantly, as a person. There are a lot of negative assumption people have with regard to fraternities and sororities. These misconceptions have forced some fraternity and sorority members all over the country to go up in arms against what they consider to be a case of discrimination being hurled against them. The most common assumption is that the Greek life is nothing more than an excuse to party and drink. Moreover, there is also the assertion that the fraternities and sororities are the reasons for the declining GPA’s of students. In addition, even parents are frightened of the thought of their children joining any fraternity or sorority because they have the notion that these groups are bad influences to their children. All of these are somehow valid concerns. However, these statements actually make any member of a fraternity or sorority laugh than be angry. This is simply because they are somehow irrational. A student of Rutgers College, Andrea Cortland (2005)   has acknowledged in her article entitled, â€Å"Paying for friends† which has been published in February 9, 2005 issue of the Daily Targrum that Greeks in her school indeed â€Å"drink and party.† However, she has pointed out that non-Greek students also indulge in the same activities, explaining that drinking and partying are common modes of relaxation among college students not only at Rutgers but elsewhere in the country. She has even lamented the fact that people tend to be biased against fraternity and sorority members because of their greater visibility, claiming that â€Å"it’s easier to identify members of a group than isolated individuals† (Cortland, 2005). Furthermore, there is no proof that joining a fraternity or a sorority will pull down a student’s GPA. The grades of students go up and down regardless of whether or not they are members of a fraternity or a sorority. Lastly, the fear of many parents that fraternities and sororities are bad influences to students is mere conjecture. Kelly Jo Karnes, Associate Director of the Division of Student Affairs at the Old Dominion University (ODU) in Norfolk, Virginia, have written a letter addressed to the parents of new students explaining the advantages of their children’s joining fraternities and sororities while at the university. According to her, aside from friendship, academic support, opportunities of involvement in non-academic activities, the Greek community can provide their children a â€Å"home away from home.† As she has urged parents to allow their children to join fraternities and sororities, she has explained that the student leaders of the university, their leading athletes and scholars and the most successful alumni of ODU belong to Greek letter organizations (Karnes, 2006) There are so many ways in which the Greek life may change a person. The fraternities and sororities are viable means in which a person can actually be inspired. It can also be a chance for a student to reach out to those in need. Through this, those who have been helped are not the only ones who benefit but also the students as well. The truth of the matter is that while members of fraternities and sororities have â€Å"their fair share of drinking and partying,† they also engage in more noble activities like doing charitable work, performing community services, and looking after the academic well-being of students in their respective schools. In an effort to plead the case of the Greeks at Rutgers, Cortland in her article has pointed out that all fraternities and sororities recognized by the college are charged to engage in community service and philanthropic work as a condition for legitimacy. For instance, Sigma Chi fraternity has been raising funds for The Children’s Miracle Network by holding an annual event dubbed the Derby Days. For this project, Sigma Chi has enlisted the help of six other sororities and in 2003 alone, managed to donate $30,000 to the network. Another collaborative project organized by Greek organizations at Rutgers is the annual Dance Marathon, considered to be the biggest philanthropic event run by students in the state of New Jersey, the beneficiaries of which are needy families in the area (Cortland, 2005). On top of their commitment to philanthropic activities, the fraternities and sororities are also involved in improving the academic performance of students. For example, it has been their practice in Rutgers College to conduct study hours for their incoming members every pledging period – a tradition which has been observed to result to higher grades for their pledges. Aside from offering scholarships and academic performance awards to qualified students, many Greeks have, as a matter of fact, high Grade Point Averages (GPAs). The misconception about Greek life being a cause for low GPAs is therefore repudiated by these evidences (Cortland, 2005). Aside from their philanthropic work, their have a strong involvement in community services, and a passionate commitment and interest in the academic well-being of students. In Rutgers, Greek letter organizations also serve as training grounds for future leaders of the country. Opportunities for leadership positions are available to members of fraternities and sororities within their local chapters, the â€Å"Interfraternity Council [at Rutgers] or the National Panhellenic Council.† In addition, the prospect of attending conferences on the national level is always present for interested Greeks, thereby enhancing their leadership qualities as well as their public relations skills (Cortland, 2005). To further prove her point, Cortland (2005) has made it imperative to mention the fact that out of the 47 justices who made it to the Supreme between 1910 and 2005, 40 were fraternity men. She has also declared that since Greek letter fraternities made their first appearance in American campuses, only two elected American Presidents and two Vice-Presidents have not been fraternity men; and that famous personalities such as the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Generals George C. Marshall and George S. Patton, Nelson Mandela, and Toni Morrison, to mention only a few, are all Greeks. All these are in fact only some of the benefits of being Greek. According to her, the most rewarding feature of Greek life is the â€Å"brotherhood or sisterhood† accorded to the members which they cherish as long as they live. After having said all these, Andrea took exception to the claim of some people at Rutgers that to be a Greek is to â€Å"pay for friends.† She pointed out that members of student fraternities and sororities spend only about 2% of their personal budgets for their monthly dues. If ever they make voluntary contributions, these are for the purpose of improving their organizations and enhance their capabilities to engage in community service and provide for academic scholarships (Cortland, 2005). There are a lot of good that fraternities and sororities can do to a student. At the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in Canada, Lindsay Satterthwaite, writing for the UWO Gazette, listed down the following advantages of joining fraternities and sororities: Philanthropy projects are events in which the Greek community, as a whole or as individual chapters, donate their time and efforts to raise funds for a worthwhile cause. Some events include Derby Days, Mr. Greek and Greek Games. The Greek community is dedicated to providing leadership opportunities to its members. Members have the opportunity to assume a wide spectrum of leadership roles including president, VP-finance and rush chairperson. This environment offers unique opportunities for individuals to achieve their leadership potential. Academic achievement is the first and foremost priority of Greek members. Each fraternity and sorority places strong emphasis on creating an atmosphere conducive to high academic performance. A scholarship plaque is awarded to the chapter with the highest average on campus annually. The Order of Omega is also a recognized scholarship program implemented to honour high achieving Greek members. Fraternities and sororities also provide balanced social programs for members including formals, date nights, grab-a-date, Greek Week and various parties with other fraternities and sororities. The most important goal of every chapter is to bring together a group of men or women and teach them values, traditions and honour while building close friendships (Satterthwaite, 2001). In reality, the fraternities and sororities have continued to grow and evolve redefining the very definition of what a fraternity or sorority is. This change has consciously and unconsciously influenced the lives of students, the image of colleges and universities and the society as a whole. Looking at the issue on a broader perspective, the claims which have been made by Cortland appears to be corroborated by events in other colleges and universities elsewhere in the country. Over in Iowa, the Greek community of Iowa State University (ISU) have also been emphasizing on academic performance. Some fraternity houses even have educational programs which are aimed at assisting new students as they go through their period of transition into college life. For instance, the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity has been conducting â€Å"The Collegiate Success Program† which is aimed at teaching students to adopt â€Å"smart study habits.† Greek students are also trying their best to maintain study hours and attain good grade point averages. Philanthropic work likewise occupies much of their time. During the fall of 1998 for instance, fraternities and sororities at ISU â€Å"have contributed 19,080 hours to philanthropic events and have donated $15,790 to charity.† The Pi Kappa Phi fraternity also takes time to make its members aware of the evils of alcohol through a program of the Prevention Research Institute called PRIME (Pike, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Adrian, Michigan, fraternities and sororities are enjoying good membership at Adrian College where approximately 25 percent of students belong to Greek letter organizations. Membership in these organizations is widely perceived as enhancing the college experience of students at the college. The Greek chapters at the college, which are all affiliated with national organizations, are giving priority to philanthropic activities and community service, aside from the emphasis that they give to scholarship. The fraternities and sororities at Adrian College require their members and would-be members to meet certain grade point average (Adrian College, 2005). In 2003, a new publication has been inaugurated solely for the purpose of dealing with these misconceptions concerning fraternities and sororities. Aptly named Greek Life, its main objective is to cleanse the Greek communities all over the country of the negative impressions that other people have of them. Greg Woodman, Chief Executive Officer of Pennsylvania-based Affinity Connection which publishes Greek Life, has said that â€Å"The beliefs most people have about fraternities and sororities [are] highly inaccurate. Our publication paints a more authentic picture of what really goes on within these organizations and focuses on the outstanding benefits of belonging to such a group.† Woodman has explained that Greek-lettered organizations have been doing their members and the communities where they operate tremendous amount of service by teaching â€Å"leadership, responsibility, integrity, honesty, and dedication to academics.† He has explained that with Greek Life, which will be published once every year, an honest effort aimed at correcting the prevailing misconceptions about fraternities and sororities shall be attempted (Greek Life, 2003).

Atticus Finch Monologue Analysis Essay

Atticus Finch Monologue, analysis Gentlemen, I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that the case of Mayella Ewell vs. Tom Robinson is not a difï ¬ cult one. To begin with, this case should have never come to trial. The state of Alabama has not produced one iota of medical evidence that shows that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. This case is as simple as black and white. It requires no minute sifting of complicated facts, but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. Miss Ewell did something that in our society is unspeakable: she is white, and she tempted a Negro. The defendant is not guilty, but someone in this courtroom is. I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake. She knew full well the enormity of her offense, but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted. The state of Alabama has relied solely upon the testimony of two witnesses who’s evidence has not only been called into serious question, but has been ï ¬â€šatly contradicted by the defendant. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand. They have presented themselves in the cynical conï ¬ dence that their testimony would not be doubted. They were conï ¬ dent that you, the jury, would go along with the evil assumption that all Negro’s lie, and are immoral. Mr. Robinson is accused of rape, when it was she who made the advances on him. He put his word against two white people’s, and now he is on trial for no apparent reason- except that he is black. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the government is fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use that phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. We know that all men are not created equal in the sense that some people would have us believe. Some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they are born with it, some men have more money than others, and some people are more gifted than others. But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal. An institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the  ignorant man the equal of any president, and the stupid man the equal of Einstein. That institution is the court. But a court is only as sound as its jury, and the jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am conï ¬ dent that you gentlemen will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore the defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty. In the name of God, gentlemen, believe Tom Robinson. I could shoot all the blue jays I wanted, if I could hit ’em, but to remember it was a sin to kill a mockingbird†¦Well, I reckon because mockingbirds don’t do anything but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat people’s gardens, don’t nest in the corncribs, they don’t do one thing but just sing their hearts out for us. Atticus represents morality and reason in To Kill a Mockingbird. As a character, Atticus is even-handed throughout the story. He is one of the very few characters who never has to rethink his position on an issue. His parenting style is quite unique in that he treats his children as adults, honestly answering any question they have. He uses all these instances as an opportunity to pass his values on to Scout and Jem. Scout says that â€Å"‘Do you really think so?’ . . . was Atticus’s dangerous question† because he delighted in helping people see a situation in a new light. Atticus uses this approach not only with his children, but with all of Maycomb. And yet, for all of his mature treatment of Jem and Scout, he patiently recognizes that they are children and that they will make childish mistakes and assumptions. Ironically, Atticus’s one insecurity seems to be in the child-rearing department, and he often defends his ideas about raising children to those more experienced and more traditional. His stern but fair attitude toward Jem and Scout reaches into the courtroom as well. He politely proves that Bob Ewell is a liar; he respectfully questions Mayella about her role in Tom’s crisis. One of the things that his longtime friend Miss Maudie admires about him is that â€Å"‘Atticus Finch is the same in his house as he is on the public streets.'† The only time he seriously lectures his children is on the evils of taking advantage of those less fortunate or less educated, a philosophy he carries into the animal world by his refusal to hunt. And although most of the town readily pins the label â€Å"trash† on other people, Atticus reserves that distinction for those people who unfairly exploit others. Atticus believes  in justice and the justice system. He doesn’t like criminal law, yet he accepts the appointment to Tom Robinson’s case. He knows before he begins that he’s going to lose this case, but that doesn’t stop him from giving Tom the strongest defense he possibly can. And, importantly, Atticus doesn’t put so much effort into Tom’s case because he’s an African American, but because he is innocent. Atticus feels that the justice system should be color blind, and he defends Tom as an innocent man, not a man of color. Atticus is the adult character least infected by prejudice in the novel. He has no problem with his children attending Calpurnia’s church, or with a black woman essentially raising his children. He admonishes Scout not to use racial slurs, and is careful to always use the terms acceptable for his time and culture. He goes to Helen’s home to tell her of Tom’s death, which means a white man spending time in the black community. Other men in town would’ve sent a messenger and left it at that. His lack of prejudice doesn’t apply only to other races, however. He is unaffected by Mrs. Dubose’s caustic tongue, Miss Stephanie Crawford’s catty gossip, and even Walter Cunningham’s thinly veiled threat on his life. He doesn’t retaliate when Bob Ewell spits in his face because he understands that he has wounded Ewell’s pride — the only real possession this man has. Atticus accepts these people because he is an expert at â€Å"climb[ing] into [other people’s] skin and walk[ing] around in it.†

Hamlet and a Midsummer Night’s Dream

In one of AMND’s most enduring passages, Lysander states (Act one scene one, line 134) ‘The course of true love never did run smooth. ’ The conflict that is inevitably born out of love is a central theme at the heart of Midsummer’s Night’s Dream and Hamlet, but is extended by Shakespeare not only to romantic relationships, but to familial bonds as well. The conflict is ultimately resolved in diametrically opposing ways in each play, according to the conventions of their respective genres.Hamlet is a tragedy, and therefore can result only in death, but AMND, as a comedy, uses the traditional method of marriage to resolve its conflict. Shakespeare opens AMND with the relationship between Athenian Duke Theseus and Amazonian warrior Hippolyta, thereby framing the enfolding drama with the portrayal of a union in which romance and military conflict are inextricably bound: ‘Hippolyta, I woo’d thee with my sword/and won thy love doing thee injur ies. (1:1:16) Shakespeare incongruously conflates military imagery withthe language of romance, establishing the theme of love, initially at least, as being fraught with conflict. This is highlighted further as the discussion of Theseus and Hippolyta’s forthcoming nuptials is juxtaposed with the dramatic introduction of Hermia and Lysander, young lovers forbidden to marry by Egeus, Hermia’s domineering father. Lysander and Hermia decide to ‘from Athens turn away our eyes’ (1. 1. 218) and elope to the forest.Shakespeare’s use of the forest as a backdrop to the young lovers’ elopement is significant. It would have reminded members of the Jacobean audience of ‘Saturnalia’, an ancient Roman festival in honour of the deity Saturn, which took place in the forest and was famous for subverting Roman social norms. A carnival atmosphere pervaded the festival, which included features – such as masters waiting on their servant’ s tables – which defied the etiquette of the time. The allusion to Saturnalia emphasises Lysander and Hermia’s defiance of social restraints in eloping against her father’s wishes.Egeus’ attempted control of Hermia parallels Polonius’s manipulation of Ophelia in Hamlet, as in both plays Shakespeare depicts romantic relationships as complicatedbyfamilial pressures. The forest acts as a symbol for freedom from such conflict. Away from urban civilization and its social traditions, the forest exists as a primeval space where Hermia and Lysander feel their love can truly be celebrated, unhindered by the familial politics they have left behind: ‘to that place the sharp Athenian law cannot pursue us. ’ (1. 1. 62)However, social norms are not the only things overturned in the forest. By pouring a magical potion in the lovers’ eyes, Puck, a mischievous fairy, swaps the object of Demetrius and Lysander affection to Helena. This comic turn sets the enfolding drama in motion, but also demonstrates the cruelty of fickle love, that is so easily swayed to devastating effect, as Hermia laments: ‘O spite! O Hell! I see you are all bent, to set against me. ’ (3. 2. 145) Shakespeare expounds upon this theme of love in Hamlet too but with far more serious consequences; as befits a tragedy.Whereas Hermia is part of the tradition of Shakespearean women who defy their controlling fathers to marry their lovers, Ophelia proves far more susceptible to Polonius and Laertes’ bullying as they are successful in thwarting her relationship with Hamlet. Just as Shakespeare portrays affection as transient through Puck’s meddling with Demetrius and Lysander, Laertes lectures Ophelia on love’s temporary and untrustworthy nature: ‘forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting. ’ (1. 3. ) The emphatic rhythm of Laerte’s dialogue is created by the many caesuras that break up this line; each wor d drumming itself into Ophelia’s psyche. Ironically, it isn’t the ‘trifling of [Hamlet’s] favour’ (1. 3. 6) that breaks Ophelia’s heart, and ultimately her sanity, but rather her family’s interference, in particular her father’s political scheming. A. C Bradley in his book ‘Shakespearian Tragedy’ notes that ‘good conflict must be drawn out’; accordingly, both Hamlet and AMND are over five acts long and only get resolved in the final scenes, each according to their genre.The conflict inherent in Shakespeare’s portrayal of romantic relationships is given tangible form as Lysander and Demetrius prepare to fight over the woman they profess to love: ‘if thou say so withdraw and prove it to. ’ (3. 2. 255) Despite the threat of violence about to unfold on stage, Shakespeare’s audience would have been aware that as a comedy, A Midsummer’s Night’s Dream would culminate in marriage rather then bloodshed.In the opening scene of the play, Lysander alludes to the May Day rituals that he had participated in: ‘And in the wood a league without the town, where I did meet†¦to do observance to a morn of May’ (1. 1. 165) The May Day rites were an ancient celebration of fertility and renewal, and the setting of the lustrous forest reinforces this atmosphere, even throughout Lysander and Demetrius’s altercation, emphasising that the conflict would, in the end, be resolved happily. In stark contrast, Hamlet and Laertes fight over Ophelia’s grave.Shakespeare uses the graveyard setting to foreshadow the men's death as a result of their growing hostility – unlike in AMND, the conflict within a tragedy cannot end in marriage; it must end in death: ‘I thought thy bride-bed to have decked, sweet maid, and not have strewed thy grave’. (5. 1. 241) Throughout the play Ophelia is referred to by language such as ‘mai d’, emphasising her youth and her innocence. This heightens the tragic impact of her decline and eventual death, but also reinforces how she is infantilised by her father, and therefore controlled.When Polonius finds out that Ophelia has been conducting a romance with Hamlet, he insists that she no longer have contact with the prince: ‘I will teach you. Think yourself a baby. ’ (1. 3. 105) Polonius convinces Ophelia that she has been naive and stupid to believe Hamlet’s professions of love: ‘Affection? Pooh! You speak like a green girl. ’ (1. 3. 101) In Polonius’s dialogue, Shakespeare repeatedly employs images of Ophelia as a child to portray how her father psychologically controls her, by making her dependent on his commands, as a young child would: ‘I shall obey, my lord. (1. 3. 136) In AMND Shakespeare constructs a similar conflict around a father-daughter relationship, as Egeus wants his daughter Hermia, to marry Demetrius an d not her lover, Lysander. Shakespeare draws upon ancient Greek mythology to portray his characters and their respective philosophies. Egeus displays Apollonian attributes as he paternalistically favours a strict adherence to the law above all else, even to the point of death: ‘As she is mine, I may dispose of her†¦or to her death according to our law. ’ (1. 1. 3) Egeus commoditises his relationship with his daughter, as he considers her a possession to be controlled and exploited. Like Polonius who commands Ophelia to ‘set your entreatments at a higher rate’ (1. 3. 122), Egeus’s diction is replete with the language of commerce as he tries to trade his daughter: ‘and she is mine, and all my rights of her I do estate unto Demetrius. ’ (1. 1. 97) Hermia, however, embodies the Dionysian life philosophy, as she embraces passion and resists her father’s moralistic control: ‘My soul consents not to give sovereignty’ (1 . . 82) Unlike Ophelia who submits to her father’s demands and therefore breaks off her relationship with Hamlet, Hermia prioritises romance over filial duty as she spiritedly defies Athenian law: ‘Oh hell to choose love by another’s eyes’ (1. 1. 140) The conflicts that are engendered by love are complicated even further by the disparity between reality and illusion, which is a central theme in both plays. In both Hamlet and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, eyes are used as a symbol of the merging of reality and that which seems to be reality ie.Illusion: ‘seems madam? Nay it is. I know not seems†¦no, nor the fruitful river in the eye, nor the dejected ‘haviour of the visage. ’ (1. 2. 75) The juxtaposition by Hamlet of his father, Old Hamlet, and Claudius invokes similar language with reference to the eye: ‘what devil was’t that thus has cozened you at hoodman-blind? / Eyes without feeling, feeling without eyes, /ears without hands or eyes’ (3. 4. 78). Shakespeare elects to convey the inherent tragic conflict in love by using the language of eyes: ‘Ha! Have you eyes?You cannot call it love. ’ (3. 4. 68)Here the Gertrude’s love for Claudius is presented through the eyes of Hamlet as being ‘stewed in corruption’ (3. 4. 95) and the maternal bonds between her and Hamlet cause her to regret her actions and fear for her spiritual health: ‘O Hamlet speak no more. Thou turnest mine eyes into my very soul / and there I see such black and grained spots. ’(3. 4. 89) In the final scene of the play, all characters must face their spiritual destiny in their death, showing how conflict in Hamlet results only in death.Conflict of reality and illusion is also symbolised through reference to the eye in AMND, as Puck pours the poison into Lysander and Demetrius’s eyes it is then that comic drama enters the scene as love’s object is subverted: Ã¢â‚¬Ë œMethinks I see things with parted eye’ (4. 1. 188) The illusion of the lovers exchanged allegiances is representative of the conflict that can result from reality being destabilized especially where love is concerned: ‘Have you not set Lysander, as in scorn/ to follow me, praise my eyes and face? ’ (3. 2. 23) Eventually, love is restored to the couples and Theseus bids that ‘these couples shall be eternally knit’ (4. 1. 180) and here illusion is replaced with reality which results in the marriage of the couples, in accordance with the comic convention. The significance of Puck’s last speech, which is spoken to the audience, is essential. Puck tells the audience that they should ‘think this and all is mended: that you have but slumbered here while these visions did appear; and this weak and idle theme no more yielding than a dream. Puck tells them to imagine that the entire play wasn’t real, so where in Hamlet reality wins out in the end, in AMND the art of illusion leaves the play on a cliff hanger and the audience must decide whether or not reality exists. This is all part of the comic convention. In conclusion, Shakespeare presents parallel conflicts in both plays, each resulting from conflicted relationships, but they are resolved in accordance with the two plays’ genres. He concludes all conflict in Hamlet with death and tragedy and all conflict in AMND with laughter and comedy.Elizabethan and modern day audiences would identify the conflict within Hamlet as the play's catalyst towards the catastrophic ending, whilst viewing the conflict within AMND with less seriousness, knowing hostility between characters will ultimately dissolve. Shakespeare appears to be using the themes within Hamlet, such as death and madness, to present conflict between people as an inevitable part of people's lives, whilst the farcical nature of the battles within AMND suggest conflict is fleeting and avoidable. ‘S o, good night unto you all. / Give me your hand if we be friends, and Robin shall restore amends. ’ (AMND 5. 1. 419)

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Coursework - Essay Example With the introduction of retiring age, employers are now refrained from discriminating on the grounds of age, even at the time of recruitment, training, redundancy and other policies that deals with the employer and the employee’s relationship (Harris, et al 56). Harassment There is no specific law, which deals with the issue of harassment at workplace. However, an affected person can knock at the door of competent court of law to get his or her grievances redressed under the criminal law known as "Protection from Harassment Act†. In refined term, harassment in the workplace can be described as "any unwanted attention that causes offence, embarrassment, humiliation, upset". However, if it is based on sex, race or disability, the concerned discriminatory law can be invoked to get protection. Further, in serious cases, some compensation can be had inclusive of damages to hurt someone’s feelings. Offensive remarks, personal comments, jokes based on racism and sex, to uching, vulgar displays, abusive language come under the purview of harassment (Harris, et al 59). In order to make his case strong against discriminatory attitude by the employer and the harassment at work premise, William may adopt the following course a) keep a diary of the incidents that took place b) witnesses of co workers c) confront harassment d) have a word with HR and e) discuss the matter with Union Representative (Harris, et al 61). It is the responsibility of the employer to protect his workers from harassment irrespective of their backgrounds. William has the option to claim compensation by registering his complain with the employment tribunal on the specified form ETI since it is a mandatory requirement. Mentioned form contains a lot of information e.g. name of the complainant, postal address, reasons for complaint, whether the complainant would like to re-instate or to lodge claim for compensation. William has the option to invoke the jurisdiction of competent Tribun al without bothering grievance procedure. By passing the grievance, procedure may lead to reduction up to 25% in any award granted by the Tribunal (Harris, et al 63). At this point of time, the said victim will send a copy of ETI form to be responded on form ET3 within 28 days. If he fails to respond within the specified period of time, there is apprehension that the Tribunal may issue impugn judgment in favour of the complainant. Before filing the complaint with the Tribunal, employee may exercise his or her option of conciliation. If conciliation fails to materialize, the compelling option for remedy is Tribunal (Harris, et al 63-64). The legal process is cumbersome with reference to calling witnesses, cross examine the witnesses by other side, engage a lawyer and to bear legal expenses. Keeping in mind the time consuming legal process, we advise William to confine himself to the process of conciliation. Q. 2. Where should William go to take action on his personal injury claim? Fr om whom should he seek advice and what formal and informal mechanisms might he use to resolve the dispute? To analyse the claim of William with regard to personal injury, we have to have a look on the law of tort and its provisions, which provide relief to the victim of personal injury besides emotional injury. In accordance with English law,  tort falls under the common law

Literacy in Mulicultural Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literacy in Mulicultural Society - Essay Example At this stage in life, the child emulates the way the parents and people around communicate to each other through language. It is automatic that a child will take up the language spoken by his mother and thus the popular phrase, mother tongue. According to Ruiz (1984) the following are three ways in which language can be viewed, first as a problem, secondly as right and thirdly as a resource. An individual’s language can either be an advantage or a disadvantage depending on location and people in the vicinity. It has been possible for people to overcome the limitation of speaking only one language. Overcoming the limitation is through learning more than one language, also known as bilingualism. This paper will give a discussion of how language is a problem, a right or a resource in relation to literacy in a local and global, multicultural environment. Language Language is a form of communication organized systematically and, it incorporates the use of symbols and signs. Formal languages contain four components semantics, pragmatics, phonology and morphology (Bochner & Jones, 2004). The following are explanations of how language develops in an infant. The first one is cognitive explanation, which puts emphasis, on the relationship between language and cognition. Secondly, behaviorist explanation stresses that an infant develops language from interaction he has with the environment. Lastly, interactional explanation states that children learn through interacting with family members (Bochner & Jones, 2004). Language as a problem Language is a problem when it discriminates against those who do not speak the same language as the native speakers (Haugen 1987). Minorities have suffered their share of discrimination to the extent of denied their human rights. Individuals, whose language is inferior, have also been considered to be of low class. Immigrants have faced language as a problem in many occasions because of the fact that, they find themselves in a new e nvironment in which the native people who are the majority have their own language. The minority language is a problem to the immigrants since they cannot communicate using their own language is not appreciated or acceptable. It is evident that literacy in a multicultural environment involves using certain languages. In educational institutions, only major languages are used in learning, this means that individuals speaking minority language have to learn the major language which is used during the learning process. It is also important to note that, in major academic fields books have only been published using the main languages, local languages have not been considered in this case. Students, speaking minority language with goals of attending major universities on the global scale have employed the strategy of learning the acceptable languages during their early years of education. This has proved to be advantageous to them since they are no longer limited by a language barrier (M cIntosh, 1998). In many occasions, the issues faced when language is a problem is solved by bilingualism. Bilingualism entails understanding and speaking more than one language. Language as a problem has gone to the extent to which immigrants miss chances for admission in educational institutions. Social injustice in terms of discrimination due to language has seen to it that foreign language speakers miss the benefit of education. Individuals speaking foreign languages come to the point of abandoning their languages

Concert review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Concert review - Essay Example The emperor notes that while the sun is full of majesty and that its rays are all ablaze with ever- living glory he is not intimidated by this for he knows his worth. The emperor further compares himself with the moon which rules the night sky and which by all accounts is not ashamed of its lowly position even given that it only reflects the suns light. By declaring that he knows his worth and that of the moon, the emperor accepts although indirectly that the sun is a greater master. The song paints an ambitious emperor who would like to equal the sun in all its celestial majesty. The Mikado was set in Japan although its target audience was in Europe. At the time, contact between the Japanese and the Europeans had been properly grounded and the Europeans knew a lot about Japanese culture and were eager for more. Being very satirical and targeting British institutions in its satire, the choice of Japanese culture and themes made it easier for the opera to more harshly criticize British institution. As a piece of art however, the Mikado and as an extension The sun, whose rays stands out in many ways no wonder they are loved to this day. The lyrical composition of the song was superb and the theme and setting

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example To begin with, the ruling gave women the permission to have safe abortion on three grounds based on the stage of pregnancy. The ruling stated that during the first trimester of pregnancy, the decision to procure abortion remained with the pregnant woman’s doctor. On the other hand, during the second trimester, states would regulate abortion procedures by promoting their interests in the health of the mother, while during the third trimester, states would promote their interests regarding the potentiality of human life, and would thus be able to prohibit abortion, lest the mother’s life is in grave danger. The ruling had massive implication on the rights of women in the United States. As Nation Unies (2001) observes on their article on Abortion Policies, the right-to-life movement which initially was dormant, got an immediate rejuvenation with the ruling. The movement thereafter began a campaign that whose aim was to create as many legal barriers to abortion as possible. On the other hand, the abortion rights movement mounted a massive campaign for safe and legal abortion. Unah (2010) notes that the Roe v Wade ruling did actually empower the American women. In addition, he notes that it helped fuel feminist movements across the country and significantly helped solidify the social standing of women across America. Furthermore, a number of scholars are of the agreement that banning of abortion would be contradicting the Thirteenth Amendment, and that this would subject women to involuntary pregnancies. The ruling also stirred controversies between those who were pro-abortion and those who were against it. Faux (2001) notes that questions arose regarding the actual intention of the ruling, on why fetus at 28 weeks were considered more valuable than at 10 weeks, if the sole intention was to protect potential life. With the issue of viability still raging, feminists have

ETHICAL CHOICES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICAL CHOICES - Essay Example Individuals may develop morality as they grow and learn responsible acts within their particular environments or may be taught by their superiors on what entails morality and how to behave morally within the given environment. Morality has immense significance to the particular society, community or organization that sets the moral norms. To begin with, morality as an obligation has seen the development of interpersonal and societal respect among members of various societies. It is through morality that societies and individuals have managed to uphold religious doctrines and ideologies that have defined such societies for ages. Morality has also ensured that people promote positive ethical values that have seen eradication and abolition of corruptive activities to support sustained institutional development and accountability. Aspects of morality have also humbled individual members of given societies and institutions to an extent that each person acts in the best way possible to ensure maximum security of the others. In addition, morality has played great role in ensuring sustained peace in the given societies or institutions. Morality has helped in the reconciliation of antagonizing societies and groups to help in constructing harmonious coexistence. Furthermore, entities of morality assisted in the development of responsible members of the society who live to satisfy their role within the given societies. Essentially, it is worth noting that morality entails all the sufficient instruments to direct and define wholly created and caring human beings. It is morality that will help shape individuals’ characters and beliefs about certain aspects of life within the given society. Morality has to override any other normative systems. Generally, morality is rather a bigger entity when compared to any form of normative or descriptive systems that define and dictate human odes of conducts. Making of any

The Principle Of Equality In The Egyptian Constitution Essay

The Principle Of Equality In The Egyptian Constitution - Essay Example Resignation of sovereignty by the people to the government was not, in other words, to be interpreted as the people's having permanently giving up their sovereignty or their having done so unconditionally. Indeed, the very concept of the social contract emphasizes the sovereign rights of the people, acknowledges that a sovereign people have given a certain person, the ruler, their consent to govern over them in exchange for his protection of their rights and liberties, among other things. The social contract is, therefore, the constitution which outlines the legal basis of the state as a moral, political and economic institution and the rights and duties of the citizens within, and the state's responsibilities and obligations towards citizens. The concept of the social contract, as defined and discussed by Locke and Rousseau, shed interesting light upon the phenomenon of modern day constitutions. The constitution, as may be deduced from these theories, is the contract between the government, the state and the ruler and the people. It outlines the duties owed by the ruler to the people and the rights and freedoms of the people within the limits of the law. More importantly, as with any contract, there is a legal obligation to respect it. Indeed, as both Locke and Rousseau concluded, should the ruler violate the terms of the contract, the contract is no longer applicable and the ruler's governance is illegitimate. Accordingly, we may similarly conclude that if a government violates the terms of the constitution, the government becomes illegitimate. It is quite interesting to consider a national constitution as a contract which both parties, citizens and governments, are legally obliged to abide by. It becomes even more interesting when we consider that the violation of the terms of the constitution on the part of the government/ruler, renders that ruler/government illegitimate. This is simply because, were we to apply this as a basic rule, the Egyptian government will, in essence, emerge as an illegitimate entity; an institution which, insofar as it neither abides by constitutional guarantees pertaining to the rights and freedoms of citizens, and constitutional limitations on its authority, has violated the Articles of the Egyptian Constitution. Through an analysis of the provisions of the Egyptian Constitution regarding the equality of citizens and their equal right to political, economic and civil liberties, the research shall initially establish that the constitution defines Egyptian citizens as equal, and endows them with equal political, economic and civil rights. Upon the analysis of the rights awarded minority groups in Egypt, such as Copts and women, the research shall establish that, insofar as they are denied equality, they are effectively denied that which the constitution has guaranteed them. The conclusion to this research shall review the implications of this as regards the legitimacy of the government. 1 The Egyptian Constitution's Provisions on Equality The Egyptian Consti

Analysis of the sculpture of Leander by William Henry Rinehart Essay

Analysis of the sculpture of Leander by William Henry Rinehart - Essay Example His facial expression is peaceful but, at the same time, thoughtful and distracted. His head is not raised and, consequently, he does not look directly at the observer but gazes into the horizon. The purity, grace and proportion of the figure are greatly enhanced by the quality and color of the medium chosen to execute it: pure white marble. For the spectator, the main reaction after observation of the sculpture is probably one of awe and admiration for the technical skills and artistic proficiency of the author, who manages to capture with great expertise the perfection of the male human body. The work of art of choice is exquisite, a piece of extraordinary beauty. Looking at this sculpture immediately brings to mind the famous sculpture of David by Michelangelo, one of the best known works of art of the Renaissance, which Rinehart knew from his stay in Florence between 1855 and 1857. Rinehart, like Michelangelo with David, in his representation of Leander has provided the observer with a great illustration of the perfect male human form. One of the greatest differences between David and Leander makes itself evident when one looks at the two heroes in the face: while David shows fear, tension and aggression in his facial expression, Leander looks relaxed, pensive and meditative. The tension in David's face is believed to be due to the fact that he was about to confront Goliath in battle. Additionally, Leander's proportions are more realistic than David's, who exhibited an upper body and head that appeared slightly out of proportion. This is due to the fact that the sculpture, due to its monumental proportions, was designed to be admired from u nderneath. Leander is also less muscular and thus more realistic than David. Both heroes show a very similar posture. The body is lightly rested over one leg, the other is slightly flexed, which helps give the impression of movement or action. Rinehart repositioned Leander's left leg with respect David's, achieving a more open stance. With respect to their hands, David is holding a stone that he is about to throw, while Leander keeps a delicate hold of the cloth that covers his nudity. Leander, shown at the edge of the shore, is actually in the act of undressing himself ready to get in the water that can be seen at his feet. 3. Interpretation The sculpture of Leander is one of a pair that was produced to illustrate a tragic love story of the Greek mythology. Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite, and Leander were lovers residing in opposite sides of the Hellespont. Each evening Leander would swim across the strait in order to meet with his beloved Hero. Tragedy struck one stormy night, when the lighthouse he used as a guide failed and, as a consequence, he got lost and drowned. Overcome with grief, Hero decided to meet the same fate as her lover and threw herself into the sea [Greek Mythology Link]. Rinehart's work shows, on one shore, Leander undressing in preparation for his evening swim and, on the other shore, Hero in anxious wait for her lover with the guiding lamp right beside her. The waves that can be observed at the bases of both sculptures represent the waters of the strait [The Magazine Antiques]. It is worth noting that,

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal Farm - Essay Example This made him to get rid of Snowball from the farm using the dogs that he had secretly trained. Thesis: Napoleon changed the farm rules by stating no animal shall kill each other without the cause. This indicated that Napoleon did not value other animals’ ideas as he made major decisions affecting the farm without consulting them. Thesis: Napoleon made the animals to work extra hard by forcing them to build a windmill, which he did not consider useful at the beginning. He used this to act as strategy to make animals too tired to think about their situation, lack time for rebellion and not to realize Napoleon’s intentions. The banning of Snowball from the animal farm indicates that Napoleon is an opportunist because he changes a situation to his favor. Throughout the novel, Napoleon used Snowball as scapegoat for everything that went wrong in the farm. This secured Napoleon’s leadership position as the animals did not blame him for anything bad. Napoleon used different means to ensure that he maintained his power (Orwell & Ian 25). For example, he rarely appeared in public that made the animals to believe that he had important matters to attend to rather than the animals’ welfare and they made the animals to adore his appearance. Finally, Napoleon eliminated anyone who appeared to be a threat to his

Linguistics and Language Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Language Essay The term dialect (from the ancient Greek word dialektos, discourse, from dia, through + lego, I speak) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. [2] A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed as ethnolect, and a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect. The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. Dialect: This is a complex and often misunderstood concept. For linguists, a dialect is the collection of attributes (phonetic, phonological, syntactic, morphological, and semantic) that make one group of speakers noticeably different from another group of speakers of the same language. COMMON SOURCES OF MISUNDERSTANDING: 1) DIALECT is NOT a negative term for linguists. . Often times, for example, we hear people refer to non-standard varieties of English as dialects, usually to say something bad about the non-standard variety (and thus about the people who speak it). This happened quite a bit during last years ebonics controversy. But, the term dialect refers to ANY variety of a language. Thus, by definition, we all speak a dialect of our native language. 2) DIALECT is NOT synonymous with accent. Accent is only a part of dialectal variation. Non-linguists often think accents define a dialect (or that accents alone identify people as non-native or foreign language speakers). Also, non-linguists tend to think that its always the other people that have an accent. So, what is accent? 3) ACCENT: This term refers to phonological variation, i. e.variation in pronunciation Thus, if we talk about a Southern Accent; were talking about a generalized property of English pronunciation in the Southern part of the US. But, Southern dialects have more than particular phonological properties. Accent is thus about pronunciation, while dialect is a broader term encompassing syntactic, morphological, and semantic properties as well. A final note on accent. WE ALL HAVE ONE! There is no such thing as a person who speaks without an accent. This is not an exercise in political correctness, by the way. It is a fact. In sum, a dialect is a particular variety of a language, and we all have a dialect. Accent refers to the phonology of a given dialect. Since we all have a dialect, we all have an accent. Idiolect: Another term that we must be familiar with is idiolect. Whats an idiolect? you ask, on the edge of your seat. An idiolect is simply the technical term we use to refer to the variety of language spoken by each individual speaker of the language. Just as there is variation among groups of speakers of a language, there is variation from speaker to speaker. No two speakers of a language speak identically. Each speaks her or his own particular variety of that language. Each thus speaks her or his own idiolect. Role of Dialect: Language says a lot about our identity. Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and South Africans all speak differently. When we meet somebody from a different part of the country, they may use different words, sounds or grammatical structures. A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a certain area. For instance, in the Northern Cape, people refer to older people as grootmense and paper as pampier whereas in Pretoria they are called oumense and papier. If you hear colored people from Cape Town speaking Afrikaans, they sound different to Afrikaans spoken elsewhere. People from Natal speak English in different ways to people from Johannesburg etc. So often, the way we speak says a lot about where we are from, who we are and what we care about. So studying dialects is one way of validating peoples identities and ways of life. Characteristics of Dialect: There are ten characteristics of dialect. 1. Dialect can be identified by variation of grammar. 2. Dialect can be identified by variation of vocabulary. 3. Dialect can be identified by variation of prosody. 4. Dialect can be identified by variation of sentence structure. 5. Dialect can be identified by variation of figures of speech. 6. Variance of parent language by social class of speakers. 7. Variance of parent language by region inhabited by speakers. 8. Likely will not have its own written literature. 9. Likely speakers will not have state or nation of their own. 10. Likely region-specific for speakers. Difference between Dialect and Register: To describe differences we have to first understand these two terms separately. What is Dialect? A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists: Cockney is a dialect of English. What is Register? In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example, when speaking in a formal setting, an English speaker may be more likely to adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. walking, not walkin'), choose more formal words (e. g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc. ), and refrain from using contractions such as aint, than when speaking in an informal setting. Now it is time to differentiate both terms. A dialect is a variety of language used by different speech communities, whereas register is a variety of language associated with peoples occupation. Register is to do with variation in language use connected with topic matter. Ones dialect shows who (or what) he/she is, while ones register shows what he/she is doing. Dialect is a special form of speaking belonging to a group. Register is a linguistic term used to describe changing how one talks based on the situation. 1. Dialect: a local variety of a language*, usually understood by speakers of other dialects of the same language, often without a standardized grammar or spelling, used mostly for non-formal purposes in a local community or among people coming from the same community but living in another community than that they came from. There is often no consensus if such a local language variety is a dialect or a language. The choice is usually taken on the basis of political or conventional criteria and never on linguistic ones. 2. A speech register: a way of speaking or writing including vocabulary, syntax and pronunciation (or spelling) chosen by individuals to express themselves depending on the circumstances they speak: high register (formal occasions like parliamentary speech, official documents, celebrations), low register (informal occasions, conversations among family or friends group). There are also many in-between registers and specialized occasions like religious services, sport events, and so on. An individual may choose his dialect as a speech register for informal occasions, and a standardized language of a larger social unit on formal occasions (often called diglossia). Register: In linguistics, one of many styles or varieties of language determined by such factors as social occasion, purpose, and audience, also called stylistic variation. More generally, register is used to indicate degrees of formality in language use. The different registers or language styles that we use are sometimes called codes. According to a linguist Robert MacNeil (1989) the example of Register is; It fascinates me how differently we all speak in different circumstances. We have levels of formality, as in our clothing. There are very formal occasions, often requiring written English: the job application or the letter to the editorthe dark-suit, serious-tie language, with everything pressed and the lint brushed off. There is our less formal out-in-the-world languagea more comfortable suit, but still respectable. There is language for close friends in the evenings, on weekendsblue-jeans-and-sweat-shirt language, when it’s good to get the tie off. There is family language, even more relaxed, full of grammatical short cuts, family slang, echoes of old jokes that have become intimate shorthandthe language of pajamas and uncombed hair. Finally, there is the language with no clothes on; the talk of couplesmurmurs, sighs, gruntslanguage at its least self-conscious, open, vulnerable, and primitive. Role of Register: Its chief importance is social. It signals the kind of interaction the speaker wants, or acceptance/no acceptance of the kind of interaction expected in any situation. For instance, level of formality is a major aspect of English register. Highly formal register can signal authority, disapproval, unfriendliness. Informal register can signal various things: genuine friendliness; a fake attempt to come across as friendly; or even deliberate disrespect if the other speaker expects formal register. Choice of register can also signal social class, in areas where this is still an issue. Higher classes tend to use a more formal register in ordinary conversation. Understanding the difference between register and grammar is important, as many speakers confuse the two: particularly in thinking that only formal register is correct grammar. This can lead to major errors of register: for instance, the highly formal It is I is only correct in the most formal register, and using it under any other circumstances will make a speaker sound a pompous idiot to most speakers. Characteristics/ Features of Register: 1) Language Styles Every native speaker is normally in command of several different language styles, sometimes called registers, which are varied according to the topic under discussion, the formality of the occasion, and the medium used (speech, writing, or sign). Adapting language to suit the topic is a fairly straightforward matter. Many activities have a specialized vocabulary. If you are playing a ball game, you need to know that zero is a duck in cricket, love in tennis, and nil in soccer. If you have a drink with friends in a pub, you need to know greetings such as: Cheers! Heres to your good health! Other types of variation are less clear-cut. The same person might utter any of the following three sentences, depending on the circumstances: I should be grateful if you would make less noise. Please be quiet. Shut up! Here the utterances range from a high or formal style, down to a low or informal oneand the choice of a high or low style is partly a matter of politeness. (Jean Aitcheson, Teach You Linguistics. Hodder, 2003) 2) Participants in an Exchange Like variation in our manner of dress, stylistic variations in language cannot be judged as appropriate or not without reference to the participants in the interchange (i. e. , speaker and listener or reader and writer). For example, you would not speak to a 5-year-old child, an intimate friend, and a professor using the same style of speech. Using the term eleemosynary charitable would probably be inappropriate for the child and the friend, while using number one urinate would probably be inappropriate for the friend and the professor. (Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, Linguistics for Non-Linguists, 3rd ed. Ellyn Bacon, 1999) 3) Register Features Register features are core lexical and grammatical characteristics found to some extent in almost all texts and registers. . . . Any linguistic feature having a functional or conventional association can be distributed in a way that distinguishes among registers. Such features come from many linguistic classes, including: phonological features (pauses, intonation patterns), tense and aspect markers, pronouns and pro-verbs, questions, nominal forms (nouns, nominalizations, gerunds), passive constructions, dependent clauses (complement clauses, relative clauses, adverbial subordination), prepositional phrases, adjectives, adverbs, measures of lexical specificity (once-occurring words, type-token ratio), lexical classes (hedges, emphatics, discourse particles, stance markers), modals, specialized verb classes (speech act verbs, mental process verbs), reduced forms (contractions, that-deletions), co-ordination, negation, and grammatical devices for structuring information (clefts, extra position). A comprehensive linguistic analysis of a register requires consideration of a representative selection of linguistic features. Analyses of these register features are necessarily quantitative, because the associated register distinctions are based on differences in the relative distribution of linguistic features. (Douglas Biber Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison. Cambridge University Press, 1995) Sociolinguistics: (Wikipedia) â€Å"Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the sociology of language focuses on languages effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e. g. , ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc. , and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place; language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these sociolect that sociolinguistics studies. † Sociolinguistics is the study of how language serves and is shaped by the social nature of human beings. In its broadest conception, sociolinguistics analyzes the many and diverse ways in which language and society entwine. This vast field of inquiry requires and combines insights from a number of disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, psychology and anthropology. Sociolinguistics examines the interplay of language and society, with language as the starting point. Variation is the key concept, applied to language itself and to its use. The basic premise of sociolinguistics is that language is variable and changing. As a result, language is not homogeneous — not for the individual user and not within or among groups of speakers who use the same language. By studying written records, sociolinguists also examine how language and society have interacted in the past. For example, they have tabulated the frequency of the singular pronoun thou and its replacement you in dated hand-written or printed documents and correlated changes in frequency with changes in class structure in 16th and 17th century England. This is historical sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between changes in society and changes in language over a period of time. Branches of sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics can be defined broadly or narrowly Broad: branch of linguistics studying those properties of language which require reference to social, including contextual, factors in their explanation Narrow: seeks to explain patterned co-variation of language and society; seeks rules to account for that variation. Some traditions of sociolinguistic investigation: 1) Linguistic variation: (sociolinguistics proper): focuses on the linguistic variable that correlates with social differences. Unit of study is language itself considered a part of linguistics. 2) Ethnography of speaking: emphasis on various aspects of context that are involved in differing interpretations of language use. Unit of analysis is not language itself but rather the users of language: the speech community generally considered part of sociology or anthropology. 3) Language planning (also applied sociolinguistics, sociology of language): emphasis on practical aspects of this study. Much about language contact issues and language use in education.

Lean Management Solve Bank Dhofar Proplems Information Technology Essay

Lean Management Solve Bank Dhofar Proplems Information Technology Essay Number of Banks and financial institution in the word and spicily in Oman implement such management standard of lean to achieve best business process; going through transition need more of banks secured. That strength comes from, speed of operation activities, reduce the cost, good product and increase customer knowledge. A leading bank in Oman called Bank Dhofar involve in many IT activities and steps to improve customer satisfaction. Report will go through the finding and gives recommendations. Key words: ATM Automatic Teller Machine SDM Smart Deposit Machine HSP High Payment Systems WISAL- One of Call Center service- customer inquires ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology EMV Europay / MasterCard/ Visa 1.0 Introduction Bank Dhofar is moving forward to offer many services effectively. Excellent service may not achieve or reach unless bank successfully implements such activities to provide the quality in best way of Bank service offered. To satisfying Bank customer through providing high service it will improved the out come in productivity side and will increase Operation value. It is hard to achieve this delivery of services because it request basic background in the organization. On the same hand Bank Dhofar need to offer fast, best and high quality services more to their customers. It needs to be reliable when such services lunch because it needs to succeed the organization. ISO 9001 has defined the service as leaning activities (Noor Aida Idris. 2008). Bank Dhofar is offering many kind of service to his customer and prefers the IT channel. TI services are high technology of Bank process, tool and information offered by Bank to their staff as well as customers. Focusing on profitability is the main objective for any commercial organization such as Bank dhofer to achieve maximum profits and improve shareholder return. Globule banks specially the large of them believes that if e-banking delivery channel such as ATMs, SMS banking, internet, deposit machines (CDM) and call center if deployed in good manner will deliver to reduce the cost of operation activates which tend to enhance the bank profitability. According to Nsouli Schaechter (2002) in 1996 a survey published by Booz-Allen Hamiltoan addressed e-banking come out with the estimated cost of daily transitions in united state of full branch service is 1.07 US dollar per transaction, while telephone banking cost 54 cent, ATM 27 cent and internet banking 1.5 cent. Forester (2003) has come out with research cover most largest bank in Europe state that the cost of any simple transaction that branch teller made is more costly by 14 times if we comber it with online transaction cost. This rese arch found that if customer made transaction in bank branch will cost them about 1 dollar cumbering with 60 cent if he made it through telephone call, while using the same transaction online will reduce it to 0.02 cent. Moreover improving e-channel will develop customer relationship by providing 24/7 online excess of banking services on time and whenever he need. E-banking has direct benefit and indirect. Direct benefit through reducing operation cost, overhead cost, faster transactions, less work loading, reduce customer waiting queues and allow staff more free time which may used for marketing purpose. Here are some good examples of Bank Dhofar e-banking channels 2.0 ATM Bank Dhofar is increasing dependent on use of information technology (IT) in carrying out business operations. The management of IT function has become very critical (Okunoye et al, 2007) due to implementation of IT based banking and ATM system as rapid use of advanced communication net work for connecting multiple location across the country. The latest of last century was the age of processing engineering (D.Dilijonas D. Zavrid, 2008). The growing dependence on technology for managing business also exposes the organization to substantial IT security risks. 2.1 Before ATM ATM is net work Technology offer high speed (T.Pham, 1998). Before ATM invented all commercial Banks and spicily Bank Dhofar were facing allot of difficulty those problems brought a headache to all Bank staff spicily cashier when salaries has been credited in customers accounts a long queue of customer stretching in front of cashier window waiting for their salaries and they feel uncomfortable with Bank services. Also cahier in trouble he/ she should work faster than he could which made him makes mistakes, this mistakes either shortages or access, it need a lot of time to discover it and some time cashier pay that deference. Some time customer need to know their account balance, have statement or small inquire about their account situation they should reach the Bank or any branches. In the same time if customer needs an urgent liquidity when Bank close, there is no way to have it and this problem become bigger if the next day is holyday, which may make a big loss to that customer. But after ATM is coming up every thing has change to good a lot of problems disappear and customer served will, cost reduced, quality of service improved and money reachable for 24 hours / 7 days a week only it need to insert your ATM cards. 2.2 Objectives The ATMs and SDMs play an important role in the Banks retail and corporate banking strategy by: Providing a 24 hours / 365 days a year (S.Yoshizawa J.Makiwo, 2001) automate service comprising cash deposits withdrawal, cheque deposits, utility bill payment, credit card payment, transfer of funds, mini statement, cheque request, etc. Reliving pressure at the cash counters and ensuring that all transitions are processed online, real time so no further back end processing is required. Reducing the risk of forged currency notes being deposited, since SDMs are programmed to detect counterfeit notes. Enabling the Bank to protect both its retail and corporate customer base. Offering customer the convenience of choice of locations from which they can carry out their basic banking activities. Displaying to the public a progressive image of the Bank. Although set up primarily to provide a vital customer service, cost effectiveness of ATMs and SDMs improves progressively in proportion to their utilization. The aim must therefore be: To make every personal accountholder a debit cardholder and, To direct all corporate customer to the CDMs for their cash / cheque deposit. 2.3 Challenges One of the most challenges that effect ATMs as will as CDMs is security. The global problem of ATMs / CDMs fraud is constantly evolving word wide, while the industry is trying to battle in all fronts. Fraudsters have been innovative and evolve new techniques starting from a simple card trapping, cash swap to sophisticated techniques like skimming, card trapping, cash tapping etc. and brute force attacks. Fraudsters have been moving to markets which are considered less non-EMV or non-CHIP markets. The card associations, ATM Vendors, financial institution all have been working together to combat this fraud. By taking a few measures Bank Dhofar could do a bit in combating this menace and improve customer confidence in the popular ATMs / CDMs channel. 3.0 HPS Power Card 3.1 Introduction One of the main things that Bank Dhofar is trying to achieve is improving the existing product and this we can find it clear when Bank Dhofar introduce the Power Card. Power Card is an ATM Switch and Debit Management System supplied by High Tech Payment Systems (HPS), Morocco. It will replace the existing legacy system call Sparrow from CR2. Power CARD can be accessed using Internet Explorer. It will be initially accessible Card Center, Operation Department, Call Centre, Retail Banking, IT and branches. 3.2 What are the primary objectives of this project and implementation? Improving customer service at Card / Call Center, improved operations and MIS such as SMS alerts for ATM customers, new services like EMV acquiring, EMV issuing, Balance Enquiry on international ATMs outside GCC, enabling of debit cards on Internet, security and compliance with International Payment Network mandates. The new system is already certified for EMV (Europay / MasterCard/Visa) which would enable Bank Dhofar to issue CHIP based debit card and also accept CHIP based international VISA Card on our ATMs. A Debit / Credit Cared is a bank card used to make electronic withdrawal of cash through Automated Teller Machines (ATM) or pay for goods and services at point-of sales terminal or on the world- Wide web (internet) or obtain cash advances from ATM, up to- agreed credit limits. 4.0 New Call Center Service WISAL The field of relation design has increased its concentrate to know how systems of technology-based products are implemented (Forlizzi, J. 2007). Life become fast and Bank Dhofar focus on that by offer new service that helps his customers to reach the Bank and finish his need on faster way, so they introduce new service all Wisal. Wisal is a toll free service offered by Bank Dhofar Call Center it allows the customer to contact Call Center using special identification number to request some services It is a latest offering comes in line with the banks strategy to move closer to its clients and provide convenient, fast and customer friendly services. WISAL is backed by state of the technology to enable it to become an efficient and effective touch point and deliver channel. The staffs of WISAL are highly trained to deliver the kind of quality services that hopefully will help bank to gain more customers and retain existing ones. WISAL Services will include: General Inquiries Loan Inquiries Chaque Book Request Product Service Information Credit Card Balance Other Related Inquiries Complaint Handling Resolution Money Transfer ATM Transaction Inquires And moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 5.0 Internet Banking Bank Dhofar is one of a leading banks in Oman that introduce Internet banking to reduce the transaction cost and improve customers satisfaction, where there is combined relationship between customer and internet banking affecting the bank achievement. Bank Dhofar and other banks in Oman introduce internet banking to fulfill customers different requests specially when technology allow that aiming to enhance customer satisfaction, attracting those new customers and bring back existing ones. Majority of world banks and local especially in Oman like bank Dhofar are provide their customers by variety internet free service in order to promote the customer to transfer to electronic method rather than using the traditional one. In 2002 a research on Internet bankers shone that 37% of online banking services directive to 18 % of European peoples. Research also expected the number will reach the double bringing new generation of self services while such research was absent in my country. Bank Dhofar online services have design to satisfy customers by offering Varity of services like:- Paying utility bills Order cheque book Have account statement Check the balance account Check payment and receiving See the bank product Recently, bank dhofar tend to educate his customers by deploying his staff across Oman to satisfy them and meet bank expectation. 6.0 Self Service Module of Helps Desk The bank has installed IT Help Desk Software in the IT division (ITD) to track and control the software, ATM, Network and hardware related support request received by IT Department from branches and head office departments. This will further improve the quality of service from ITD to IT users in the bank. The IT Help Desk system is an internal software application used to track all support calls / request received by ITD in a centralized, searchable database for easy reference by IT staff, enabling quick resolution to issues and simplifying the tracking of issues. The staff branches and head office will be able to input their support call / requests using Web based system. As the request is input by the user staff, the system generate a work order history for future reference. 7.0 Finding Many financial institution may facing some technical problems in designing new systems or product that enhance operation activities but Bank Dhofar has achieve good performance in introducing new IT technology to serve his customer very will, offer new and chosen product and concentrate on IT Technology aiming to provide better service, reduce the cost, improve productivities and satisfied the customers. As a branch manager with 14 years in banking sector I observed that e-channel especially like ATM has played most important role to improved customer satisfaction, display e-banking knowledge and develop customer attitude from banking services. Recently customer has improved his knowledge about bank product and services through understanding the important of e-channel and how it make easy of banking transaction to save customer time meanwhile, bank dhofar has deployed ATM and other e-channel in Oman to satisfied itself through reducing bank expenses on transaction and satisfied his customer by reduce waiting time in branches. 8.0 Conclusion Report has focused on Bank Dhofar experience in implementing the successful of one operation management aspect Lean Management and how it solve many operational problem which lead to enhance the Bank productivity and achieve customer satisfactions. 9.0 Recommendation One of good thing that Bank Dhofar planned to achieve is introduce new IT technology to maximize the benefits and meet new business challenges, this true but during this investigation I find that Bank Dhofar still need to focus on the technology of this century Like using internet banking to provide faster communication that enhances Bank success. Because its the latest technology that occupied the country last deceit and number of using internet is expanded daily.

Pages 20 through 25 of Bacchae by Euripides :: Bacchae Euripides Greek Plays Essays

Pages 20 through 25 of Bacchae by Euripides The reason that Bacchae by Euripides was chosen as a set text to be examined on is because it is a classic ancient Greek performance. It offers us a look at how the Greeks lived in a completely different culture to ours. It also shows us how important religion was to them and how they worshipped different gods to us; it is very interesting because this is how theatre started off in ancient Greece. From choosing a piece of drama this old, we can see how our theatre today has developed from previous ideas and techniques. Another benefit of using the Bacchae is that it is the first ancient Greek play I have studied and so offers challenge, the Greek way of life is a whole new culture to get used to. The scene that I have chosen to act out from the play is between pages 20 and 25 of the play and it is the part of the play in which Pentheus and Dionysos first meet each other. I have chosen this scene because I believe that it is a very important part of the play. It is a scene that contains a lot of stichomythia between the two very important characters in the play. This scene is a scene that would be enjoyable to act out, and also I feel that it is one of my favourite scenes in the play. I will be playing Pentheus in the scene I have chosen to act out from the Bacchae. Also I will be playing Pentheus in the devised scene that me and the other three members of my group for the devised scene will be writing and acting out. Although for the scene from the original script I will be working in a group of two, in the devised scene I will be working in a group of four, this is for a wider range of Bacchae characters to use in the devised piece. The content of this scene will include a dialogue between the original Bacchae characters of Pentheus, Dionysos, Agave and Kadmos.The scenes, which we will include, will be a scenario in which Dionysos visits the house of Pentheus, A fight scene between Pentheus and Dionysus with music in the background and Kadmos Narrating the scene. The devised piece will end with the realisation that whilst fighting, Pentheus and Dionysos where approached by Kadmos, when the old man tried to stop the fighting, just as in the Bacchae he was ignored. A stray fist leads to the death of Kadmos and the ultimate betrayal on the behalf of

Gender Roles and Socialization in Adolescence Essay -- Reviving Opheli

A Review of Mary Pipher†s â€Å"Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls†, Laura E. Berk's â€Å"Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood†, and Lina A. Ricciardelli's â€Å"Self-esteem and Negative Affect as Moderators of Sociocultural Influences on Body Dissatisfaction, Strategies to Decrease Weight, and Strategies to Increase Muscles Among Adolescent Boys and Girls† Adolescence is one of the most difficult times for development. This difficulty is experienced very differently for boys and girls. This paper will examine how gender role socialization effects girls more specifically, the emergence of eating disorders and depression in adolescent girls. Mary Pipher, Ph.D. in her book â€Å"Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls†, discusses extensively the varied and difficult road that adolescent girls travel to adulthood. This book is a collection of Pipher’s experiences with clients, her daughter, and her own adolescence as well as a thought provoking social examination. The title refers to William Shakesphere’s character Ophelia, the young girl who drowned herself in a river after being shunned by Hamlet. Ophelia is the epitome of lost female youth. The transition that happens from girl to woman is quite difficult for most. Pipher examines the loss of self that most girls experience in their adolescence. She brings up the fact that preadolescent girls have the ability to be androgynous, as well as an interest in nearly everything. Gender roles are not limiting at this age, it is their time away from the female gender role. The onset of puberty changes most girls into very confused and ever changing creatures. They go from being carefree to careful of what their every move is. Most adolescent girls are hyper aware of themselves, over analytical of the reactions they receive from others, are critical of their bodies, and they â€Å"crash and burn in a social and developmental Bermuda Triangle†. The central question Pipher asks is â€Å"why are American adolescent girls falling prey to depression, eating disorders, and suicide attempts at an alarming rate?† There is no easy answer to Pipher’s question. Is the problem girls face a product of our culture? Or, is the problem that adolescent girls face a natural part of becoming an adult? Piphers answer is that the problem girls face is both culturally ... ... to behave in the same manner that their parents behave in within all situations? Girls are highly aware of the behavior of their parents, as well as the expectations of who they should become. Women are everywhere in advertisements, selling toothpaste, beer, auto insurance, and coffee. The concept of a ideal woman is one who is passive and yet strong, a caregiver who sacrifices all to provide for everybody else. That role is so terrifying to many that it is either rejected, mixed up, or deeply internalized. Anorexics may just be the reality of this perfect woman. Thin, in control, passive, and concerned with what others want of them physically the anorexic seems to embody all the qualities we attribute to perfection. Is that truly what one should aspire to become? The role of a woman is ever changing. Perhaps one day it will adapt to be more androgynous. Women and men should both strive to become more then just masculine and feminine counterparts. They should be free to rise above masculinity and femininity, to a more equal and blended place. Sources Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. Pipher, Mary P.h. D. Ballentine Books: Random House 1994.

asthma :: essays research papers

Introduction Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used. What it is Asthma is best described by its technical name: Reversible Obstructive Airway Disease (ROAD). In other words, asthma is a condition in which the airways of the lungs become either narrowed or blocked. The results are usually temporary but they cause shortness of breath, breathing trouble, wheezing, coughing, and tightness in the chest. To know what it really feels like to have asthma, I would like everyone to pick up the straw that’s on their desk and put it in their mouth as if they were using it to drink something. Then, pinch your nose. Try breathing for twenty seconds. A real attack can last up to more than 10 minutes and you are only doing it for 20 seconds. If we had more time, I would have the class go to a stairwell and have you run up and down and see what it is like to have asthma while doing other activities. Symptoms Asthma symptoms can range from mild to very severe. A person may experience only occasional severe episodes one time and then experience frequents mild episodes. According to the book, Living Well With Asthma, there are four main symptoms of an asthma attack. Since an attack can be so overwhelming and frightening, it may be difficult to know what’s going on inside of a persons body. Here are the major elements of an asthma attack:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Shortness of breath=described as tightness of the chest. Some people have trouble breathing during exercise, others experience it after inhaling smoke, while others need to ingest a particular food-regardless of the circumstance, all people with asthma have trouble breathing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -Wheezing=not all people will asthma wheeze, but many do.

Happy Violence

Violent things that don’t reflect on the harm or consequences it express as we see on TV or in movies are called â€Å"happy violence†. It is violence that can be funny or have a comical twist. It needs to be measured together with the intensification of the violence presented. There are many examples of these in the pop culture is wrestling. How? The anecdote of wrestling is like cartoon violence in â€Å"Tom and Jerry† or â€Å"Bugs Bunny†. In wrestling, the result of â€Å"happy violence† becomes primary because of the talent of the actors in creating the illusion that it is real. The skill of wrestlers in drawing off the illusion of reality gives reliability to the idea that there are no real consequences to violence. The reality of violence vanishes in wrestling because it looks as if it is real. The reality is that everyone who watches wrestling knows that it is staged and fake and consequently isn’t enough to concession its real effects. Wrestling can influence even kids who know that it’s fake. It gets more violent and intense even as the real consequences persist to be pressed out of view. Most kids don’t only enjoy watching wrestling, they imitate what the wrestlers do and it could definitely cause them to injure themselves or their playmate. They might think its fun and entertaining until they feel and learn what it could do to them. With most of the children and adolescents watching professional wrestling, it is vital to be aware of how children really recognize professional wrestling and if it encourage violent conduct. Television violence is perceived by many children as an acceptable means of resolving conflict that influences them to behave aggressively (Krieg, 1995). Thoughts of recognizing aggression and violence can add to the possibility of aggression and violence being carried out especially by the young viewers. It would make kids become violent with their playmates even to their teachers and parents. They would display negative behavior because of the violent things they see on TV. Adults always say fighting or any form of violence is bad. But why are there so many violent movies shown in TV? Even a cartoon show that should be meaningful and educational to child is filled with violence. Shows like these overturn what we teach our children or what we are taught by our parents. It inculcates that violence is a normal reaction or is tolerated because it is fun. It doesn’t make people realize the pain the other person is experiencing. With the influence of media on us, violence has become a normal thing we see and do. Some may think that it’s funny and at times, entertaining. Some view it as disturbing and a form of nonsense. Violence is seen in various forms and context. It sinks to our minds most especially to the kids. Violence illustrated by media produce an edifying environment in which that kind of behavior is acknowledged as normal or a kind of an appropriate reaction to such problems or situations. The intimidation, degradation and verbal hostility that is implemented in wresting is the manner that real men can succeed. Maturity and masculinity is associated with the capability to get even, protect one’s reputation, and gain respect and fulfillment by defeating your opponent. Regardless of the alarming allegation, and purpose, it diverts people from focusing on the violence in society and limits argument of television violence to its most naive element. Violence on TV is considered as an important part of the global marketing system. It overlooks an escalating allocation of the TV screens all over the world. Violence is not always alike. They are different in every expression and denomination. Its individual expertise is carefully used to balance catastrophic outlay from fatal impulse. Happy Violence, as we see in Cusac’s essay can be characterized by torture, crime and violence, reality, and the safety and security of the people. All these points are seen in the series. Torture being connected with crime and accounts of terrorism is said to be adjoined to spill out the truth even if time has almost run out. With the account of terrorism and crime, the lives of the people are always at risk. The safety and security of the people are being diminished because of the increasing crime rates and most especially with terrorism. All these things can be seen not just in front of the camera, but mostly, in reality. All these things are connected in one way. How people and life are characterized in this environment develop a sense of opportunity and chances. It supplies our commencement of who we are and how we communicate to others and to the world. It helps to identify our strengths and weaknesses, and the risks we can take in such situations. Terrorism is something that can happen to anyone, anywhere. No one knows when and where terrorism will occur. No one even knows who will be the next victim. In this series, it tells us that terrorism happens in real life, it’s a real situation where real people are victimized. It might not be exactly like to what we see on movies and films, it could be worse than that and more lives are hanging on the thread. Cusac pointed out that terrorism and torture are always connected and can’t be separated. The show 24 somehow shouldn’t be classified as a form of â€Å"happy violence† because of the serious brutality it depicts. The violence presented is not entertaining than with shows considered to have â€Å"happy violence†. The show conflicts with reality with regards to the seemingly unending problems and crime that is happening in the film but not in reality. It’s like one problem pops every passing minute. And it’s not just simple everyday problem. It’s a very serious problem that doesn’t require one to make any mistake or a life or two will be lost. Torture can only be effective if you have the right person and supply the right information. But it’s not that easy. You don’t know who is innocent and who’s not. Some consider that those who torture do so to simply dig out information form the detained enemy. But to other people, torture is used to mortify, humiliate, and destroy an individual. It is a mean used by those with authority to sustain their control and position. The use of torture is used to harm, and obliterate the tortured individual’s sense of self. Such practices demoralize an individual’s will to resist. Torture is used to guarantee the safety and security of the people by easing the significant information and to fight the forces that are against one country. Torture is required to be used on life-saving situations. It is used as a tool to interrogated people to provide vital information that can be used to protect the lives of the people. Torture should only be used when necessary. The show 24 makes people more aware of the things that are happening in the world. It’s a real time situation and real people are accountable to such things. It’s not just about terrorism. It’s about the demoralizing acts that the people who are with power are demonstrating to sustain their position and authority over things, people and situation. It’s about giving your best to save a life or to help even to the simplest of things. The outline of oppression on TV and reality with fear are somehow related. Spectators who see their own people or race on that fictional situation develops a sense of anxiety, mistrust and estrangement. This imbalanced sense of jeopardy, helplessness and uneasiness with inconsiderateness tempt hostility, mistreatment and suppression. The protuberance of authority is a function of all mores and conventional mass media. Television modernizes, cleanses, and puts its dramatic sense and releases it to the world’s cultural environment. The lack of restrictions from violent and other unbalanced and threatening formulas, censorship is not the effective and adequate method to amplify multiplicity and decrease TV violence. People should contribute in generating a resolution on how to facilitate in shaping the lives of the children in contemplation to TV violence. Torture will never be normal and justifiable. It’s not a kind of thing you can do to any one. By having an authority over someone doesn’t mean you can do things to that person just to get what you want or need because it makes you nothing less than them.

Historical Report on Race Essay

A life that we thought was best for us and our kids to grow up in. We produced our own food, shelter and weapons and provided for ourselves in the most natural way possible. It wasn’t always easy though, and others seen more value out of our land and resources than us. I was forced off my land and had to adapt to the new peoples way of life. That in which they called a white society; this society created many acts in my life time in order to weaken our society such as those of the Allotment Act and the Reorganization Act (Schaefer, p. 47, 2012). People of my cultural lived on reservations, we had learned to separate ourselves and adopt our own way of life and government. Native Americans had created their own nation and it caused and has caused a lot of tension between us and the U. S. culture. As a Native American, we were all about live the traditional way of life. There was value to our land and the resources that we used and the white people wanted and did take it from us. It seemed as if we were constantly at war with the white people so that we could protect what we thought was rightfully ours. They had created an act known as the Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830 (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This opened more land for settlement and allowed people to come in and take over our reservations (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). In 1946, Congress had created the Indian Claims Commission (Schaefer, p. 150, 2012). This was a good thing for us, or so we thought. It meant that finally our voice was going to be heard. There were three members apart of the commission, and they were given a five year deadline, but there kept getting extension after extension, until; in 1978 the whole thing was abolished (Schaefer p. 155, 2012). At times, it seemed as if maybe the government was trying to help us, that or they were trying to use us. In 1952, the BIA began programs, so that they could relocate young Native Americans to Urban areas and by 1962 they had created what was called the Employment Assistance program; also known as the EAP (Schaefer, p 157, 2012). Basically there primary goal was to relocate us by offering us better jobs opportunities that, that of the reservation could not offer. But this plan had soon backfired on them. By 1965, one-fourth to one third of the people in the EAP had returned home to their reservations (Schaefer p. 157, 2012). Today, most of our land has been taken from us and no longer exist. Native Americans themselves are not being treated as badly as we were back then, but it’s the culture and our name that continues to be insulted. Schools have such a thing as mascots, and they create names for them. They use those such as the â€Å"Braves† or â€Å"Redskins. † Those names have a meaning to the Native American culture, it tends to bring up the past for us, and though there intentions may not be that of insulting us, some of us don’t like it too much. It hasn’t always been easy for us, and at times I wanted to give up. But everything seems to turn out for the better. I’ve learned that every culture and person has their own way of living and when someone sees a greater value of that person’s living then they have to have it. Things don’t always have to be that way; people can come up with their own greater value of living. Remember, you don’t always have to have someone else’s greater value to have a greater value of your own. Make an even better living for yourself than trying to take someone else’s. I hope you learned well from this letter and I wish you the best. Your Friend! Resources: Schaefer, R. T. (2012). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.